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Robert Hart was one of those empire builders of the Victorian age who had a long and nearly uninterrupted experience in China, from 1854, when as a young Irishman from Belfast he landed in Ningpo, until 1908, when as a man in his seventies he finally retired to England. His years as the Ch'ing government's Inspector General of the Maritime Customs Service have been copiously recorded in letters to his London agent, beginning in 1868, published as a 2-volume collection, The IG. in Peking (Harvard, Belknap Press, 1975). In 1970, a second lode of Hart materials came to light, the 77 volumes of his journals, begun on the day of his arrival in China in 1854 and ending at his departure in 1908, with two short but significant gaps in the first decade where he himself destroyed entries of too personal a nature. Entering China's Service presents a complete and annotated transcript of the surviving journals through 1863, alternating with chapters devoted to Hart's North Ireland background, the China he encountered, the Ch'ing officials who trusted him, and the unfolding of his career. His reactions to the Chinese as well as to his fellow Westerners cast an invaluable light on nineteenth-century China.
Preliminary Material -- “White For the Harvest” -- “Imperious Gait and High Heads” -- “The Scribes and the Pharisees of China” -- Missionary Labors and Results in the 1850s -- “This Obdurate City” -- “Beyond Our Best Expectations” -- Lo-yüan, Yen-p'ing, and the "Poison Scare" of 1871 -- The Wu-shih-shan Incident of 1878 -- Missionaries in Foochow, 1847-1880 -- Persecutions in the Outstations of the Foochow Missions, 1860-1880 -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Glossary -- Index -- Harvard East Asian Monographs.
Drawing upon the unique public and private papers of Ting Jih-ch'ang, Governor of Kiangsu, 1868-1870, this work examines the implementation of post-Taiping T'ung-chih Restoration programs in that province. The restoration of local order and rectification of society, judicial administration, fiscal affairs, and personnel problems are described against a background of continuous struggle for dominance in the countryside between local government on the one hand and the local elite on the other. Jonathan Ocko demonstrates that the declining quality of local officials resulted in an erosion of public capacity, in particular of the government's fiscal efficiency, and sharpened the moral dilemmas of office holding. Ocko's close look at the provincial and local levels of administration and at the day-to-day problems faced by TingJih-ch'ang illuminates the frustrations and failures of the reform process.
In this second edition, Li uses two arguments. First, he maintained that the development of communications, mining, and industry would contribute directly to the army and navy and to the operation of ships, shipyards, and arsenals. Secondly, he argued that guns and warships alone did not make a nation strong; a further source of strength was the wealth to be gained through developing communications and exploiting natural resources with Western methods.
Preliminary Material -- Introduction -- Merchants, Commerce, and the State -- Changes in the Merchant's Roles, Class Composition, and Status -- From Merchant to Bureaucratic Management -- The Illusions of Merchant Partnership -- State Control and the Official-Entrepreneur -- Merchant and Gentry in Private Enterprise -- The Founding of New Ministries -- Programs and Experiments at the Capital -- The Search for Supporting Institutions in the Provinces -- The Continuing Search: The Chamber of Commerce -- Conclusions -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Glossary -- Index -- Harvard East Asian Monographs.
A look at the life of Shen Pao-chen who devoted his life to building China's first modern naval dockyard and academy. His successes and failures shed new light on the story of China's efforts at modernisation.
First Published in 2005. Routledge is an imprint of Taylor & Francis, an informa company.