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This book shows how Paul's tight link between resurrection and salvation both raised problems for and profoundly shaped Early Christian theology.
Will all evil finally turn to good, or does some evil remain stubbornly opposed to God and God's goodness? Will even the devil be redeemed? Addressing a theological issue of perennial interest, this comprehensive book (in two volumes) surveys the history of Christian universalism from the second to the twenty-first century and offers an interpretation of how and why universalist belief arose. The author explores what the church has taught about universal salvation and hell and critiques universalism from a biblical, philosophical, and theological standpoint. He shows that the effort to extend grace to everyone undermines the principle of grace for anyone.
"This thesis is the work of understanding Origen of Alexandria's rich theology of Scripture. The focus will be on his most influential works, On First Principles and Commentary on the Gospel According to John. Due to the history of Origen’s reception, the thesis begins with the literature Review (Chapter 2) and biography (Chapter 3). Without understanding the complexity of Origen’s reception during and after his life, it will be impossible to find the true Origen and his beliefs. Only then can his theology of Scripture be approached. For Origen, the only beginning point for a theology of Scripture was that they were written by humans and ultimately authored by the Holy Spirit, (Chapter 4). This is why Origen and his readers describe the Scriptures as incarnational since they embody and give us the meaning of the Word (Chapter 5). In understanding what Origen meant by incarnation, it becomes clear how Jesus accommodates himself similarly in the language and text of Scripture. In Jesus giving himself through the scriptures, he is drawing all humans to himself (Chapter 6). It is a vehicle in which God is calling and drawing upward and forward in their journey back to God. This ascent and progress are the reason for an allegorical reading of Scripture, (Chapter 7). Through this journey, we then grow in spiritual maturity toward our end which we have been created towards (Chapter 8). The thesis seeks to interpret Origen’s theology of Scripture, finding it within the large picture of the economy of God."--Abstract.
Originally published in English in 1988, Joseph Ratzinger's Eschatology remains internationally recognized as a leading text on the "last things"—heaven and hell, purgatory and judgment, death and the immortality of the soul. This highly anticipated second edition includes a new preface by Joseph Ratzinger/Pope Benedict XVI and a supplement to the bibliography by theologian Peter A. Casarella. Eschatology presents a balanced perspective of the doctrine at the center of Christian belief—the Church's faith in eternal life. Recognizing the task of contemporary eschatology as "to marry perspectives, so that person and community, present and future, are seen in their unity," Joseph Ratzinger brings together recent emphasis on the theology of hope for the future with the more traditional elements of the doctrine. His book has proven to be as timeless as it is timely.
This in-depth study on the realm of death presents a message of hope held by the first generation of Christians and the early church. Using Scripture, patristic tradition, early Christian poetry, and liturgical texts, Archbishop Hilarion explores the mysterious and enigmatic event of Christ⿿s descent into Hades and its consequences for the human race. Insisting that Christ entered Sheol as Conqueror and not as victim, the author depicts the Lord⿿s descent as an event of cosmic significance opening the path to universal salvation. He also reveals Hades as a place of divine presence, a place where the spiritual fate of a person may still change. Reminding readers that self-will remains the only hindrance to life in Christ, he presents the gospel message anew, even in the shadow of death.
Most evangelical Christians believe that those people who are not saved before they die will be punished in hell forever. But is this what the Bible truly teaches? Do Christians need to rethink their understanding of hell? In the late twentieth century, a growing number of evangelical theologians, biblical scholars, and philosophers began to reject the traditional doctrine of eternal conscious torment in hell in favor of a minority theological perspective called conditional immortality. This view contends that the unsaved are resurrected to face divine judgment, just as Christians have always believed, but due to the fact that immortality is only given to those who are in Christ, the unsaved do not exist forever in hell. Instead, they face the punishment of the "second death"--an end to their conscious existence. This volume brings together excerpts from a variety of well-respected evangelical thinkers, including John Stott, John Wenham, and E. Earl Ellis, as they articulate the biblical, theological, and philosophical arguments for conditionalism. These readings will give thoughtful Christians strong evidence that there are indeed compelling reasons for rethinking hell.
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