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This book provides a comprehensive yet accessible overview of all relevant topics in the field of radiation protection (health physics). The text is organized to introduce the reader to basic principles of radiation emission and propagation, to review current knowledge and historical aspects of the biological effects of radiation, and to cover important operational topics such as radiation shielding and dosimetry. The author’s website contains materials for instructors including PowerPoint slides for lectures and worked-out solutions to end-of-chapter exercises. The book serves as an essential handbook for practicing health physics professionals.
Organic chemicals constitute minor gaseous components of the earth's atmosphere. Despite low concentrations they play an important role in the global processes influencing the composition of our atmosphere. The author summarizes the multidisciplinary data on sources and thermo- and photochemical transformations of organic components in the atmosphere. Modern methods of atmospheric microimpurity analysis are explained. Models for their time-dimensional distribution both in the urban atmosphere and in unpolluted air are developed. The book provides a unique source of contemporary information for scientists involved in atmospheric chemistry, meteorology, ecology and geophysics.
Organic chemicals constitute minor gaseous components of the earth's atmosphere. Despite low concentrations they play an important role in the global processes influencing the composition of our atmosphere. The author summarizes the multidisciplinary data on sources and thermo- and photochemical transformations of organic components in the atmosphere. Modern methods of atmospheric microimpurity analysis are explained. Models for their time-dimensional distribution both in the urban atmosphere and in unpolluted air are developed. The book provides a unique source of contemporary information for scientists involved in atmospheric chemistry, meteorology, ecology and geophysics.
Here is the most comprehensive and up-to-date treatment of one of the hottest areas of chemical research. The treatment of fundamental kinetics and photochemistry will be highly useful to chemistry students and their instructors at the graduate level, as well as postdoctoral fellows entering this new, exciting, and well-funded field with a Ph.D. in a related discipline (e.g., analytical, organic, or physical chemistry, chemical physics, etc.). Chemistry of the Upper and Lower Atmosphere provides postgraduate researchers and teachers with a uniquely detailed, comprehensive, and authoritative resource. The text bridges the "gap" between the fundamental chemistry of the earth's atmosphere and "real world" examples of its application to the development of sound scientific risk assessments and associated risk management control strategies for both tropospheric and stratospheric pollutants. - Serves as a graduate textbook and "must have" reference for all atmospheric scientists - Provides more than 5000 references to the literature through the end of 1998 - Presents tables of new actinic flux data for the troposphere and stratospher (0-40km) - Summarizes kinetic and photochemical date for the troposphere and stratosphere - Features problems at the end of most chapters to enhance the book's use in teaching - Includes applications of the OZIPR box model with comprehensive chemistry for student use
This book describes techniques for the calculation of emissions inventories and strategies for control, and explores the many Government policy matters relating to these compounds. It gives readers in-depth coverage of the many issues involved.
Atmospheric Chemistry provides readers with a basic knowledge of the chemistry of Earth's atmosphere, and an understanding of the role that chemical transformations play in this vital part of our environment. The composition of the 'natural' atmosphere (troposphere, stratosphere and mesosphere) is described in terms of the physical and chemical cycles that govern the behaviour of the major and the many minor species present, and of the atmospheric lifetimes of those species. An extension of these ideas leads to a discussion of the impacts of Man's activities on the atmosphere, and to an understanding of some of the most important environmental issues of our time. One thread of the book explains how living organisms alter the composition and pressures in the atmosphere, modify temperatures, and change the intensity and wavelength-distribution of light arriving from the Sun. Meanwhile, the living organisms on Earth have depended on these very same environmental conditions being satisfactory for the maintenance and evolution of life. There thus appear to be two-way interactions between life and the atmosphere. Man, just one species of living organism, has developed an unfortunate ability to interfere with the feedbacks that seem to have maintained the atmosphere to be supportive of surface life for more than 3.5 billion years. This book will help chemists to understand the background to the problems that arise from such interference. The structure of the book and the development of the subject deviate somewhat from those usually encountered. Important and recurring concepts are presented in outline first, before more detailed discussions of the atmospheric behaviour of specific chemical species. Examples of such themes are the sources and sinks of trace gases, and their budgets and lifetimes. That is, the emphasis is initially on the principles of the subject, with the finer points emerging at later points in the book, sometimes in several successive chapters. In this way, some of the core material gets repeated exposure, but in new ways and in new contexts. The book is written at a level that makes it accessible to undergraduate chemists, and in a manner that should make it interesting to them. However, the material presented forms a solid base for those who are extending their studies to a higher level, and it will also provide non-specialists with the background to an understanding of Man's several and varied threats to the atmosphere. Well-informed citizens can then better assess measures proposed to prevent or alleviate the potential damage, and policy makers more realistically formulate the necessary controls on a sound scientific foundation.
The vast family of volatile organic compounds plays a central role in the chemistry of the Earth's atmosphere. Reactive Hydrocarbons in the Atmosphere provides comprehensive and up-to-date reviews covering all aspects of the behavior, sources, occurrence, and chemistry of these compounds. The book considers both biogenic and anthropogenic sources, plus their effects in the atmosphere at local, regional, and global scales. - Covers a major component of atmospheric chemistry and air pollution - Considers both natural background chemistry and pollution processes - Provides authoritative reviews for a wide range of audiences
Organic chemicals constitute minor gaseous components of the earth's atmosphere. Despite low concentrations they play an important role in the global processes influencing the composition of our atmosphere. The author summarizes the multidisciplinary data on sources and thermo- and photochemical transformations of organic components in the atmosphere. Modern methods of atmospheric microimpurity analysis are explained. Models for their time-dimensional distribution both in the urban atmosphere and in unpolluted air are developed. The book provides a unique source of contemporary information for scientists involved in atmospheric chemistry, meteorology, ecology and geophysics.
In this first full-scale attempt to reconstruct the chemical evolution of the Earth's atmosphere and oceans, Heinrich Holland assembles data from a wide spectrum of fields to trace the history of the ocean-atmosphere system. A pioneer in an increasingly important area of scholarship, he presents a comprehensive treatment of knowledge on this subject, provides an extensive bibliography, and outlines problems and approaches for further research. The first four chapters deal with the turbulent first half billion years of Earth history. The next four chapters, devoted largely to the Earth from 3.9 to 0.6 b.y.b.p., demonstrate that changes in the atmosphere and oceans during this period were not dramatic. The last chapter of the book deals with the Phanerozoic Eon; although the isotopic composition of sulfur and strontium in seawater varied greatly during this period of Earth history, the chemical composition of seawater did not.
Earth is made up of four basic parts: the atmosphere, the hydrosphere, the lithosphere, and the biosphere. Weather changes, rain falls, soil washes away, and plants take in carbon dioxide and release oxygen, all through the properties of solids, liquids, and gases. This title explains these chemical or physical changes on Earth.