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An overview of the rapidly growing field of ant colony optimization that describes theoretical findings, the major algorithms, and current applications. The complex social behaviors of ants have been much studied by science, and computer scientists are now finding that these behavior patterns can provide models for solving difficult combinatorial optimization problems. The attempt to develop algorithms inspired by one aspect of ant behavior, the ability to find what computer scientists would call shortest paths, has become the field of ant colony optimization (ACO), the most successful and widely recognized algorithmic technique based on ant behavior. This book presents an overview of this rapidly growing field, from its theoretical inception to practical applications, including descriptions of many available ACO algorithms and their uses. The book first describes the translation of observed ant behavior into working optimization algorithms. The ant colony metaheuristic is then introduced and viewed in the general context of combinatorial optimization. This is followed by a detailed description and guide to all major ACO algorithms and a report on current theoretical findings. The book surveys ACO applications now in use, including routing, assignment, scheduling, subset, machine learning, and bioinformatics problems. AntNet, an ACO algorithm designed for the network routing problem, is described in detail. The authors conclude by summarizing the progress in the field and outlining future research directions. Each chapter ends with bibliographic material, bullet points setting out important ideas covered in the chapter, and exercises. Ant Colony Optimization will be of interest to academic and industry researchers, graduate students, and practitioners who wish to learn how to implement ACO algorithms.
"Great book, worth every penny." This book teaches how to use the common pipe wrap around in uncommon ways. In no time flat, the easy to follow step-by-step directions will have you using a Pipe Wrap Around to Layout 1. Elbows, 2. 2-Piece Miters (any angle), 3. Multi-Piece Miters (any angle), 4. Tees, 5. Orange peel caps, 6. Bull plugs, 7. Reducers, 8. Laterals. 9. And more. Includes QUICK TIPS on good layout skills and practices for saving you time and making your job easier! This book will teach you the skills needed to use a Pipe Wrap Around to become the best Pipefitter on the job. For the first time in print "How to use a Pipe Wrap Around" brings together into one place the collected experience of years of pipefitting with a Pipe Wrap Around! The book covers basic to advanced uses and functions of the simple Pipe Wrap Around. Want to have some fun? Walk onto a job site and actually use a Pipe Wrap Around for something other than squaring the end of your pipe. Chances are you will have more than one person asking how you learned it or commenting on your skill. Ever wondered how to use a Pipe Wrap Around? Is it good for more than just squaring up the end of the pipe? What are all the numbers and table actually for? In this book, you will get answers to all those questions and more.
A Timeless Classic! Compact and pocket-sized, this handy reference contains thousands of facts and figures relevant to pipefitters, steamfitters-anyone concerned with layout and installation of pipe. Features Provides answers to all sorts of problems indigenous to power and industrial pipebending, and the fabrication of welding fittings in both shop and field. Logically categorizes all material according to job description, supporting each working table with a clear example of how to use it. Includes a special reference section that gives instant data on the 24 most useful on-the-job subjects, such as spark tests for metals, sheet metal weights, valve types, weights and measures, and many more. Discusses all types of bends; elbows, tees, and crosses; plastic pipe; soldering and brazing; travel and run; fitting dimensions; threading pipe; relative physical properties; and more.
Though it incorporates much new material, this new edition preserves the general character of the book in providing a collection of solutions of the equations of diffusion and describing how these solutions may be obtained.
Basic information on the most commonly used and difficult fabricating problems.