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In this work we present results of fabrication (powder synthesis and densification) and in-depth characterization of doped YAG ceramics by spark plasma sintering (SPS). SPS is an advanced one-stage, rapid, near-net shape densification technique combining uniaxial pressure with resistive heating. Various Ce, Nd and multi-doped samples with adequate optical properties have been successfully fabricated. The effect of residual porosity characteristics in both phosphor and laser materials was discussed and important conclusions implicating all pressure assisted sintering techniques were presented. -- From the abstract.
"Transparent polycrystalline ceramics consist of small crystalline grains densified into bulk materials. Properly sintered ceramics display unique combinations of properties, such as hardness, fracture toughness, elastic modulus, transparency, absorption coefficient, thermal conductivity, dopant absorption, emission characteristics and optical isotropy, that are very close or even better than those of single crystals. Moreover, polycrystalline ceramics offer various advantages over single crystals, such as cost-effectiveness, the possibility for large-scale production, shape control and improved mechanical properties. As such, polycrystalline ceramics have become increasingly attractive for a wide range of applications, both military and civil. The development of transparent polycrystalline ceramics for laser oscillation and armor materials is an important goal of materials technology. In 1995, Ikesue presented efficient laser oscillation the first time, using polycrystalline Nd:YAG. Polycrystalline magnesium aluminate spinel (PMAS) is another attractive transparent ceramic that can be utilized as armor material due to its simple synthesis, excellent mechanical properties and high-level of transparency over a wide range of wavelengths. Extensive investigations have been conducted by various groups around the world, given the economic implications of the possible application of polycrystalline ceramics. Conventional technological approaches for the fabrication of the polycrystalline ceramics are based on prolonged pressureless sintering (PLS) at relatively high temperatures, hot pressing (HP) and hot isostatic pressing (HIP). While these approaches allow for the fabrication of transparent ceramics with adequate functional properties, they are time-consuming and very expensive. In recent decades, Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS) technology has been employed for the fabrication of polycrystalline ceramics. The SPS process involves simultaneous application of an electric field, temperature and pressure and permits rapid powder consolidation at temperatures significantly lower than those used with conventional sintering processes. The aims of this dissertation were to understand and investigate the effect of SPS parameters (i.e., dwell time, temperature, pressure, heating rate) and sintering additives (mainly LiF) on functional properties of polycrystalline transparent ceramics for a wide range of laser and armor applications. The present study addresses both fundamental aspects of functional properties and the fabrication of transparent polycrystalline ceramics with controlled microstructure by high-pressure SPS process. The fundamental aspects of transparent ceramic sintering and the effects of SPS under high pressure were investigated in depth and are discussed. This doctoral research can be divided into two main parts. The first part is related to the fabrication of PMAS by high-pressure SPS (HPSPS) techniques (up to 1.0 GPa) and characterization of the optical and mechanical properties of the material generated. Codoped PMAS suitable for Q-switching applications with an adequate saturable absorption was successfully fabricated using a combined SPS approach followed by HIP treatment. The second part of the work describes the SPS-based fabrication of Nd:YAG specimens and characterization of their mechanical and optical properties, including lasing efficiency and power threshold. HPSPS-processed Nd:YAG displayed laser generation characteristics comparable with commercially available, conventionally sintered specimens. The obtained results point to the ability to fabricate cost-effective nanostructured polycrystalline ceramics with controlled microstructure and unique combinations of optical, thermal and mechanical properties. It was established that the hardness values of these materials followed the well-known Hall-Petch relation down to grain sizes of 30 nm. For grain sizes lower than 30 nm, an inverse Hall-Petch relation was clearly observed. The results of this investigations were published in seven international peer-reviewed journals with high ranking and were presented at more than twenty international conferences."--abstract.
Until recently, ceramic materials were considered unsuitable for optics due to the numerous scattering sources, such as grain boundaries and residual pores. However, in the 1990s the technology to generate a coherent beam from ceramic materials was developed, and a highly efficient laser oscillation was realized. In the future, the technology derived from the development of the ceramic laser could be used to develop new functional passive and active optics. Co-authored by one of the pioneers of this field, the book describes the fabrication technology and theoretical characterization of ceramic material properties. It describes novel types of solid lasers and other optics using ceramic materials to demonstrate the application of ceramic gain media in the generation of coherent beams and light amplification. This is an invaluable guide for physicists, materials scientists and engineers working on laser ceramics.
This book covers the latest progress in the field of transparent ceramics, emphasizing their processing as well as solid-state lasers. It consists of 10 chapters covering the synthesis, characterization and compaction, fundamentals of sintering, densification of transparent ceramics by different methods as well as transparent ceramic applications. This book can be used as a reference for senior undergraduate to postgraduate students, researchers, engineers and material scientists working in solid-state physics.
A detailed account of various applications and uses of transparent ceramics and the future of the industry In Transparent Ceramics: Materials, Engineering, and Applications, readers will discover the necessary foundation for understanding transparent ceramics (TCs) and the technical and economic factors that determine the overall worth of TCs. This book provides readers with a thorough history of TCs, as well as a detailed account of the materials, engineering and applications of TC in its various forms; fabrication and characterization specifics are also described. With this book, researchers, engineers, and students find a definitive guide to past and present use cases, and a glimpse into the future of TC materials. The book covers a variety of TC topics, including: ● The methods employed for materials produced in a transparent state ● Detailed applications of TCs for use in lasers, IR domes, armor-windows, and various medical prosthetics ● A review of traditionally used transparent materials that highlights the benefits of TCs ● Theoretical science and engineering theories presented in correlation with learned data ● A look at past, present, and future use-cases of TCs This insightful guide to ceramics that can be fabricated into bulk transparent parts will serve as a must-read for professionals in the industry, as well as students looking to gain a more thorough understanding of the field.
The chapters covered in this book include emerging new techniques on sintering. Major experts in this field contributed to this book and presented their research. Topics covered in this publication include Spark plasma sintering, Magnetic Pulsed compaction, Low Temperature Co-fired Ceramic technology for the preparation of 3-dimesinal circuits, Microwave sintering of thermistor ceramics, Synthesis of Bio-compatible ceramics, Sintering of Rare Earth Doped Bismuth Titanate Ceramics prepared by Soft Combustion, nanostructured ceramics, alternative solid-state reaction routes yielding densified bulk ceramics and nanopowders, Sintering of intermetallic superconductors such as MgB2, impurity doping in luminescence phosphors synthesized using soft techniques, etc. Other advanced sintering techniques such as radiation thermal sintering for the manufacture of thin film solid oxide fuel cells are also described.
This book represents the first ever scientific monograph including an in-depth analysis of all major field-assisted sintering techniques. Until now, the electromagnetic field-assisted technologies of materials processing were lacking a systematic and generalized description in one fundamental publication; this work promotes the development of generalized concepts and of comparative analyses in this emerging area of materials fabrication. This book describes modern technologies for the powder processing-based fabrication of advanced materials. New approaches for the development of well-tailored and stable structures are thoroughly discussed. Since the potential of traditional thermo-mechanical methods of material treatment is limited due to inadequate control during processing, the book addresses ways to more accurately control the resultant material's structure and properties by an assisting application of electro-magnetic fields. The book describes resistance sintering, high-voltage consolidation, sintering by low-voltage electric pulses (including spark plasma sintering), flash sintering, microwave sintering, induction heating sintering, magnetic pulse compaction and other field-assisted sintering techniques. Includes an in-depth analysis of all major field-assisted sintering techniques; Explains new techniques and approaches for material treatment; Provides detailed descriptions of spark plasma sintering, microwave sintering, high-voltage consolidation, magnetic pulse compaction, and various other approaches when field-assisted treatment is applied.
Ceramic nanocomposites have been found to have improved hardness, strength, toughness and creep resistance compared to conventional ceramic matrix composites. Ceramic nanocomposites reviews the structure and properties of these nanocomposites as well as manufacturing and applications.Part one looks at the properties of different ceramic nanocomposites, including thermal shock resistance, flame retardancy, magnetic and optical properties as well as failure mechanisms. Part two deals with the different types of ceramic nanocomposites, including the use of ceramic particles in metal matrix composites, carbon nanotube-reinforced glass-ceramic matrix composites, high temperature superconducting ceramic nanocomposites and ceramic particle nanofluids. Part three details the processing of nanocomposites, including the mechanochemical synthesis of metallic–ceramic composite powders, sintering of ultrafine and nanosized ceramic and metallic particles and the surface treatment of carbon nanotubes using plasma technology. Part four explores the applications of ceramic nanocomposites in such areas as energy production and the biomedical field.With its distinguished editors and international team of expert contributors, Ceramic nanocomposites is a technical guide for professionals requiring knowledge of ceramic nanocomposites, and will also offer a deeper understanding of the subject for researchers and engineers within any field dealing with these materials. Reviews the structure and properties of ceramic nanocomposites as well as their manufacturing and applications Examines properties of different ceramic nanocomposites, as well as failure mechanisms Details the processing of nanocomposites and explores the applications of ceramic nanocomposites in areas such as energy production and the biomedical field
This book brings together more closely researchers working in the two fields of quantum optics and nano-optics and provides a general overview of the main topics of interest in applied and fundamental research. The contributions cover, for example, single-photon emitters and emitters of entangled photon pairs based on epitaxially grown semiconductor quantum dots, nitrogen vacancy centers in diamond as single-photon emitters, coupled quantum bits based on trapped ions, integrated waveguide superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors, quantum nano-plasmonics, nanosensing, quantum aspects of biophotonics and quantum metamaterials. The articles span the bridge from pedagogical introductions on the fundamental principles to the current state-of-the-art, and are authored by pioneers and leaders in the field. Numerical simulations are presented as a powerful tool to gain insight into the physical behavior of nanophotonic systems and provide a critical complement to experimental investigations and design of devices.