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A critical compilation of the crystallographic, mechanical, optical, electrical, thermal, and thermodynamic properties of cubic BN has been assembled in table form with explanatory text and figures. (Author).
The unique properties of diamond are responsible for its pre-eminence as a gemstone, and give it a glamour and attraction unprecedented for any other mineral. As the first member of group IV of the periodic table of elements, carbon, in its crystalline form as diamond, has also fascinated scientists for at least 300 years. Many experimental techniques have been employed in the study of diamond, and of these, optical spectroscopy has proven one of the most fruitful. The absorption line at 415 nm, characteristic of "Cape Yellow" diamonds, was first documented by Walter in 1891. Further work on this absorption, now known as "N3", by the Indian school under Sir C. V. Raman in the 1930s and 1940s led to a basic understanding of the system, which they observed in both absorption and luminescence. The N3 center is a structural defect in the diamond, and the absorption of light occurs by exciting electrons in this defect from one well-defined energy state to another. When the electron returns to the original energy level, luminescence is produced. Detailed studies of natural diamonds over the subsequent 60 years have discovered large numbers of absorption and emission lines, characteristic of different defects. In 1904 Sir William Crookes showed that a colorless diamond could be turned green by long exposure to radium salts.
Boron nitride thin films can be deposited on different substrates using techniques such as plasma deposition, ion beam deposition and reactive sputter deposition.
Boron nitride was first produced in the 18th century and, by virtue of its extraordinary mechanical strength, has found extensive application in industrial processes since the 1940s. However, the more recent discovery that boron nitride allotropes are as structurally diverse as those of carbon (e.g. fullerenes, graphene, carbon nanotubes) has placed this material, and particularly its low-dimensional allotropes, back at the forefront of modern material science. This book provides a comprehensive history of this rapid rise in the status of boron nitride and boron nitride nanomaterials, spanning the earliest examples of three-dimensional boron nitride allotropes, through to contemporary structures such as monolayer hexagonal boron nitride, boron nitride nanomeshes, boron nitride nanotubes and the incorporation of boron nitride into cutting-edge van der Waals heterostructures. It specifically focuses on the properties, applications and synthesis techniques for each of these allotropes and examines how the evolution in boron nitride production methods is linked to that in our understanding of how low-dimensional nanomaterials self-assemble, or ‘grow’, during synthesis. The book demonstrates the key synergy between growth mechanisms and the development of new, advanced nanostructured materials.
Micro Electro Mechanical Systems (MEMS) is already about a billion dollars a year industry and is growing rapidly. So far major emphasis has been placed on the fabrication processes for various devices. There are serious issues related to tribology, mechanics, surfacechemistry and materials science in the operationand manufacturingof many MEMS devices and these issues are preventing an even faster commercialization. Very little is understood about tribology and mechanical properties on micro- to nanoscales of the materials used in the construction of MEMS devices. The MEMS community needs to be exposed to the state-of-the-artoftribology and vice versa. Fundamental understanding of friction/stiction, wear and the role of surface contamination and environmental debris in micro devices is required. There are significantadhesion, friction and wear issues in manufacturing and actual use, facing the MEMS industry. Very little is understood about the tribology of bulk silicon and polysilicon films used in the construction ofthese microdevices. These issues are based on surface phenomenaand cannotbe scaled down linearly and these become increasingly important with the small size of the devices. Continuum theory breaks down in the analyses, e. g. in fluid flow of micro-scale devices. Mechanical properties ofpolysilicon and other films are not well characterized. Roughness optimization can help in tribological improvements. Monolayers of lubricants and other materials need to be developed for ultra-low friction and near zero wear. Hard coatings and ion implantation techniques hold promise.
Diamond-based composites, with their advantages of hardness, high Young's modulus and the like, have demonstrated new and unusual features, such as stability to high temperatures and pressure shocks and a large internal surface that can be controlled to offer customised electrical, magnetic and optical properties, leading to efficient filters, absorbents, sensors and other tools for environmental control and monitoring. The current book covers the synthesis of materials, their characterization and properties, trends in high pressure and high temperature technologies, low pressure technologies, basic principles of DBC material science, and future developments in electronics, optics, industrial tools and components, biotechnology, and medicine. Wide band-gap materials are considered, ranging from molecular clusters, nanophase materials, growth, processing and synthesis. The processing of composite based materials can be classified into six basic methods: in situ growth, high pressure/high temperature catalytic conversion; mix and sinter (c-BN plus metal-ceramic polymer mix); direct sintering; direct polymorphic conversion; shock detonation; and SHS sintering.
This book is an introductory manual for Ion Assisted Deposition (IAD) procedures of thin films. It is addressed to researchers, post-graduates and even engineers with little or no experience in the techniques of thin film deposition. It reviews the basic concepts related to the interaction of low energy ion beams with materials. The main procedures used for IAD synthesis of thin films and the main effects of ion beam bombardment on growing films, such as densification, stress, mixing, surface flattening and changes in texture are critically discussed. A description of some of the applications of IAD methods and a review of the synthesis by IAD of diamond-like carbon and cubic-boron nitride complete the book.