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This book constitutes a first- or second-year graduate course in operator theory. It is a field that has great importance for other areas of mathematics and physics, such as algebraic topology, differential geometry, and quantum mechanics. It assumes a basic knowledge in functional analysis but no prior acquaintance with operator theory is required.
Mathematics for infinite dimensional objects is becoming more and more important today both in theory and application. Rings of operators, renamed von Neumann algebras by J. Dixmier, were first introduced by J. von Neumann fifty years ago, 1929, in [254] with his grand aim of giving a sound founda tion to mathematical sciences of infinite nature. J. von Neumann and his collaborator F. J. Murray laid down the foundation for this new field of mathematics, operator algebras, in a series of papers, [240], [241], [242], [257] and [259], during the period of the 1930s and early in the 1940s. In the introduction to this series of investigations, they stated Their solution 1 {to the problems of understanding rings of operators) seems to be essential for the further advance of abstract operator theory in Hilbert space under several aspects. First, the formal calculus with operator-rings leads to them. Second, our attempts to generalize the theory of unitary group-representations essentially beyond their classical frame have always been blocked by the unsolved questions connected with these problems. Third, various aspects of the quantum mechanical formalism suggest strongly the elucidation of this subject. Fourth, the knowledge obtained in these investigations gives an approach to a class of abstract algebras without a finite basis, which seems to differ essentially from all types hitherto investigated. Since then there has appeared a large volume of literature, and a great deal of progress has been achieved by many mathematicians.
Banach algebras are Banach spaces equipped with a continuous multipli- tion. In roughterms,there arethree types ofthem:algebrasofboundedlinear operators on Banach spaces with composition and the operator norm, al- bras consisting of bounded continuous functions on topological spaces with pointwise product and the uniform norm, and algebrasof integrable functions on locally compact groups with convolution as multiplication. These all play a key role in modern analysis. Much of operator theory is best approached from a Banach algebra point of view and many questions in complex analysis (such as approximation by polynomials or rational functions in speci?c - mains) are best understood within the framework of Banach algebras. Also, the study of a locally compact Abelian group is closely related to the study 1 of the group algebra L (G). There exist a rich literature and excellent texts on each single class of Banach algebras, notably on uniform algebras and on operator algebras. This work is intended as a textbook which provides a thorough introduction to the theory of commutative Banach algebras and stresses the applications to commutative harmonic analysis while also touching on uniform algebras. In this sense and purpose the book resembles Larsen’s classical text [75] which shares many themes and has been a valuable resource. However, for advanced graduate students and researchers I have covered several topics which have not been published in books before, including some journal articles.
Banach algebras is a multilayered area in mathematics with many ramifications. With a diverse coverage of different schools working on the subject, this proceedings volume reflects recent achievements in areas such as Banach algebras over groups, abstract harmonic analysis, group actions, amenability, topological homology, Arens irregularity, C*-algebras and dynamical systems, operator theory, operator spaces, and locally compact quantum groups.
About fifty years aga S. G. Mikhlin, in solving the regularization problem for two-dimensional singular integral operators [56], assigned to each such operator a func tion which he called a symbol, and showed that regularization is possible if the infimum of the modulus of the symbol is positive. Later, the notion of a symbol was extended to multidimensional singular integral operators (of arbitrary dimension) [57, 58, 21, 22]. Subsequently, the synthesis of singular integral, and differential operators [2, 8, 9]led to the theory of pseudodifferential operators [17, 35] (see also [35(1)-35(17)]*), which are naturally characterized by their symbols. An important role in the construction of symbols for many classes of operators was played by Gelfand's theory of maximal ideals of Banach algebras [201. Using this the ory, criteria were obtained for Fredholmness of one-dimensional singular integral operators with continuous coefficients [34 (42)], Wiener-Hopf operators [37], and multidimensional singular integral operators [38 (2)]. The investigation of systems of equations involving such operators has led to the notion of matrix symbol [59, 12 (14), 39, 41]. This notion plays an essential role not only for systems, but also for singular integral operators with piecewise-continuous (scalar) coefficients [44 (4)]. At the same time, attempts to introduce a (scalar or matrix) symbol for other algebras have failed.
Table of contents
This book presents the basic tools of modern analysis within the context of the fundamental problem of operator theory: to calculate spectra of specific operators on infinite dimensional spaces, especially operators on Hilbert spaces. The tools are diverse, and they provide the basis for more refined methods that allow one to approach problems that go well beyond the computation of spectra: the mathematical foundations of quantum physics, noncommutative K-theory, and the classification of simple C*-algebras being three areas of current research activity which require mastery of the material presented here.
This book is based on lectures given at "Mekhmat", the Department of Mechanics and Mathematics at Moscow State University, one of the top mathematical departments worldwide, with a rich tradition of teaching functional analysis. Featuring an advanced course on real and functional analysis, the book presents not only core material traditionally included in university courses of different levels, but also a survey of the most important results of a more subtle nature, which cannot be considered basic but which are useful for applications. Further, it includes several hundred exercises of varying difficulty with tips and references. The book is intended for graduate and PhD students studying real and functional analysis as well as mathematicians and physicists whose research is related to functional analysis.