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The Dept. of Defense¿s (DoD) operational dependence on space has placed new and increasing demands on current space systems to meet commanders¿ needs. DoD¿s Operationally Responsive Space (ORS) concept is designed to more rapidly satisfy commanders¿ needs for information and intelligence during ongoing operations. Given the potential for ORS to change how DoD acquires and fields space capabilities to support the warfighter, this report discusses to what extent DoD: (1) is developing ORS to support warfighter requirements; and (2) has a plan that integrates ORS into existing DoD and intelligence community processes and architecture. Includes recommendations. Charts and tables.
Tactical space support has earned a reputation as unresponsive and the Operationally Responsive Space Office was created in 2007 to address this for the military. The intent of this course project is to use an educational research approach to develop a future architecture that will make space responsive in 2025. This paper evaluates the shortcomings that hinder quick and effective space-based support to the U.S. Military and Intelligence Community. The current space community is fragmented, preventing quick, unified decisions, and does not have the executive clout necessary to lead effectively. Our group's solution creates a Department of Space at the cabinet level. The Department of Space will unify the space community, promoting quicker decisions with one common and consistent vision. This change would enable unified plans and policies as well as allow one organization to prioritize all of the space programs. The responsive culture would facilitate other needed changes to Space Operations, Launch, and Acquisition.
The Unites States' first space systems programs were initially developed to meet the requirements of strategic users. Since the 1991 Gulf War there has been a growing dependence on the capabilities and support delivered by these programs to meet the requirements of nonstrategic users. The current National Security Space (NSS) architecture makes it rather difficult for all but critical strategic users to fully capitalize on the available assets. Timelines that were once adequate to deliver strategic capabilities are now not sufficient to allow a broader range of users to realize the benefit from using the available space systems. In addition, nonstrategic users run into challenges when they attempt to change the tasking requirements that would enable them to receive associated products and services that are useful and timely. With the identified gaps in the current NSS environment, the Integrated Product Team (IPT), consisting of 10 active duty military students, sought solutions to make space more "Operationally Responsive" (ORS) to its customers by 2025. Due to limited time and assets, the IPT narrowed the focus of the project to the four Joint Publication (JP) 3-14 "Joint Doctrine for Space Operations" mission areas of Space Support, Space Control, Force Enhancement, and Force Application. During this project, the IPT defined ORS from its perspective, developed the requirements to meet the identified NSS gaps, selected the final alternatives to satisfy those requirements, and suggested an implementation plan. While in the architecture process, the IPT conducted an in-depth evaluation of the original alternatives based on Responsiveness, Risk, Capability, and Cost. After building a foundation for further analysis, a total of 16 alternatives were chosen for the final ORS architecture. The alternative that provided the most responsiveness was to create a Single Space Agency.
The Department of Defense activated the Operationally Responsive Space (ORS) Office in May, 2007, to improve space capability responsiveness to Joint Force Commanders. This paper examines why the office was established, changes in the space threat environment and U.S. response to those threats during the first year of the office's existence, and what activities the office has engaged in. It recommends curtailing Tier-1 and Tier-3 activities and emphasizing Tier-2; incorporating ORS into joint and service exercises, and pursuing anti-satellite (ASAT) capabilities.
Space capabilities are a prominent element within the collection of global advantages the United States enjoys today. Space is one of the "commons," along with the sea and cyberspace, that constitute the triad of capabilities on which America's global power rests. But several ominous trends now compel a reassessment of the current business model for meeting the nation's needs for military space capabilities. While the existing model has served the nation well, a new business model is at hand and can now be readily grasped to propel us into the future. Trends compelling this reassessment include: falling barriers to competitive entry into the commons of space, an increasing dependency on space capabilities, and emerging vulnerabilities in current space systems. In addition, there are systemic issues emerging across the spectrum that require a reexamination of how the nation acquires these precious assets. Such issues include: the fact that important space programs are in trouble for reasons either financial or technical; the growing need to recapitalize space capabilities; decreasing industrial base viability; reduced science and technology funding; and the need to develop space professionals. The current business model for space is unable to support, by itself, the combined weight of these accumulating pressures.
Operationally Responsive Space (ORS) is focused on putting satellites in orbit in significantly less time than it currently takes. ORS is based on responding to an operational need quickly, but it should not be thought of as a new way to place national systems in orbit. Operational needs likely result from a need to augment an existing system or to replace a portion of an existing system. Whether a satellite is required as an augmentation or a replacement, it would need to be placed in orbit on the order of weeks, not years, as it would take to deploy a satellite from scratch. ORS systems will be a gap filler aimed at maintaining an existing advantage in unforeseen circumstances. This research shows, based on the available literature, how the needs for ORS can be broken down systematically into a set of requirements to be used to design a space system. It provides a basic concept of how an ORS satellite architecture would be developed. Finally, this research also defines a preliminary system design that would enable satellites to be launched on short notice.
"Observers of the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) will note the recent emergence of the terms "contested domain" or "contested environment" regarding U.S. operations in space. The phrase "space is a contested domain" is almost always used in a context meant to evoke thoughts of adversaries actively struggling for superiority in an environment of military utility. This is natural as the appearance of the language occurred after notable recent hostile actions taken against various space assets, which include Iraq's use of Global Positioning System jammers in 2003; the jamming of satellite communications by Iran and Libya in 2003 and 2005, respectively; and, most dramatically, the Chinese anti-satellite test in January 2007. Although it is natural to focus on the militaristic "hard power" aspects of a contested space domain, it is equally important to note the presence of an existing "soft power" contest as well. While the U.S. must certainly address ways to mitigate or defeat threats to its space systems, it must also address its general space competitiveness, to include the cooperation and support it promotes with other nations. "Cooperation and support" actions should include efforts by the United States to use its current position as the world's dominant space actor to influence the entry and growth of partner nations in space. As the DoD's Executive Agent for Space, the Air Force is ideally suited to take a prominent role in such an activity through two existing initiatives -- Operationally Responsive Space (ORS) and the United States Air Force Global Partnership Strategy (USAFGPS). While the vision for ORS and USAFGPS already includes consideration for international partnerships, predominately with existing space-faring allies, this paper will argue that there are additional benefits if the partnership concept is expanded to include growing space capabilities with limited or non space-faring nations."--Abstract from web site.
Defense Space Activities: DOD Needs to Further Clarify the Operationally Responsive Space Concept and Plan to Integrate and Support Future Satellites
Current space assets provide communication, navigation, and ISR capabilities using satellites designed for long life and high reliability. Those life and reliability requirements are due in part to the high cost and limited availability of space launch. Current space systems require years to develop due to the complicated specialized design and manufacturing processes. The high cost of launching space assets, and competition with the commercial launch market, require launch scheduling years in advance. Moreover, once it has been scheduled on a launch vehicle, it may take several months to checkout and integrate into the launch vehicle and several additional months to become operational once it's in space. This existing capability is not operationally responsive.