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The purpose of Project 39.3 was to measure the thermal flux per unit area at a series of specified distances from a nuclear detonation. The instrumentation chosen was an Eppley thermopile indicating on a strip-chart paper recorder. Two stations failed to yield results because of power failures and blast damage. Results were obtained at 5500, 6800, 10,500 ft. These results follow the inverse-square-law fall-off, within the limits of reasonable experimental error.
Experiments were performed during Operation Teapot: (1) to investigate the beta-gamma exposure-rate ratio from fall-out to establish design criteria for high-range survey instruments, (2) to evaluate commercial radiological defense instruments, and (3) to investigate the feasibility of the use of commercial and amateur roll film and dental X-ray film as indicators of prompt gamma radiation. The results of the beta-gamma exposure-rate ratio measurements indicate that, for an instrument having a beta window of the order of 50 mg/sq cm thickness, the quantity of hazardous radiation not indicated by the instrument will not exceed a factor of 2. An analysis of the absorption data of fission-product radiation indicates the presence of high-energy beta radiation, low-energy gamma radiation, and secondary X-radiation in large quantities immediately postshot. The soft component tends to diminish rapidly, and the high-energy gamma radiation of the longer-lived fission products becomes predominant after approximately 2 days. The evaluation of commercial radiological defense instruments indicated that: (1) satisfactory calibration facilities must be developed, (2) ionization-chamber survey meters must have sealed chambers to avoid change in sensitivity with altitude, (3) an operational check rather than a simple battery check must be provided for all survey meters, and (4) dosimeters intended for monitoring applications must not demonstrate leakage resulting from high initial exposure and must be relatively insensitive to beta contamination.
An evaluation of the acute inhalation hazard from radioactive fall-out materials has been made by analysis of results from animal exposures during field operations and from controlled inhalation studies in the laboratory. The results from exposing several groups of rabbits to fall-out material (by inhalation only) at stations located along two arcs, 7 and 106 miles from a tower detonation, are almost entirely negative. Urine specimens obtained during the first day following detonation contained minute but measurable amounts of soluble radioactive material which had a relatively short half life (1 to 2 days). Lung specimens had no detectable radioactivity when measured 6 to 21 day later; however, samples of intestine from the same animals still had measurable levels of beta activity. From careful consideration of numerous pertinent physical and physiological factors and from analysis of field and laboratory investigations, it is evident that there is no apparent situation in nuclear warfare where, during the first few days after the detoantion, one could inhale sufficient radioactive material to induce a serious radiation injury to lungs or intestines without simultaneously being subjected to supralethal doses of external beta-gamma radiation.
The objective of this project was to evaluate under operational conditions in a contaminated area: (1) new and untested radiac instruments, as well as older types which had not been fully evaluated; and (2) dosimeters, including the new Army Chemical Corps chemical dosimeter. Dosimeters were evaluated in both the initial-and the residual radiation fields encountered in nuclear detonations. National Bureau of Standards-type photographic dosimeters were used as comparison standards for the initial-radiation tests, while Victoreen r-Meters were used as comparison standards for the residual-field tests. (Author).
The distribution of fall-out debris and radiation intensities over wide areas may be rapidly surveyed from the air. The development of instruments and techniques must be based on consideration of the beta and gamma characteristics of the radioisotopic constituents of the fall-out material. Radiation measurements in an aircraft may be related to surface conditions by an altitude correction factor, which has been determined by field measurements. Development and field testing, during the Teapot series, has resulted in a group of instruments useful for study of the radiation characteristics of fall-out debris. An aerial survey detector with automatic altitude compensator and a telemetering unit was also completed and tested.