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This book is about the nature of information. It touches on many core issues of philosophy of the mind, ontology, and epistemology, and draws in several domain-specific concepts from physics, mathematics, thermodynamics, computer science, and biology. The terms used in this book, such as the mind, a conscious agent, meaning, and knowledge are used with very precise meanings because they can be easily misinterpreted. A proper understanding of these terms can be gained from the referenced literature. But more specifically, this book is about the concept of information as physical phenomenon.The book is a unique exposition of the concept of information as physical phenomenon. It provides the detailed analysis and synthesis of the current conceptualizations of information demonstrating the lack of common definition and their incompleteness. The detailed argument is provided why information may be defined as a physical phenomenon and why this type of information may be seen as fundamental to our understanding of this concept.
"This book provides cutting-edge research on reality, its nature and fundamental structure, represented both by human minds and intelligent machines.--striving to describe a world model and ontology; organized human knowledge; powerful reasoning systems; and secure communication interoperability between human beings and computing reasoning systems promising the profound revolution in human values and ways of life"--Provided by publisher.
Originally published in 1992. The history of Western philosophy can be seen as a battle between those that insist that the "physical universe" exists and those would claim that there is a much larger "world" which contains atemporal and nonspatial things as well. The central part of this book, and the battle, concerns the existence of universals. Starting with the mediaeval definition of the issue found in Porphry and Boethius, the author then considers modern and contemporary versions of the battle. He concludes that what is at stake between naturalists and ontologists is the existence and nature of a number of important categories, like structures, relations, sets, numbers and so on.
This book seeks to work out which commitments are minimally sufficient to obtain an ontology of the natural world that matches all of today’s well-established physical theories. We propose an ontology of the natural world that is defined only by two axioms: (1) There are distance relations that individuate simple objects, namely matter points. (2) The matter points are permanent, with the distances between them changing. Everything else comes in as a means to represent the change in the distance relations in a manner that is both as simple and as informative as possible. The book works this minimalist ontology out in philosophical as well as mathematical terms and shows how one can understand classical mechanics, quantum field theory and relativistic physics on the basis of this ontology. Along the way, we seek to achieve four subsidiary aims: (a) to make a case for a holistic individuation of the basic objects (ontic structural realism); (b) to work out a new version of Humeanism, dubbed Super-Humeanism, that does without natural properties; (c) to set out an ontology of quantum physics that is an alternative to quantum state realism and that avoids any ontological dualism of particles and fields; (d) to vindicate a relationalist ontology based on point objects also in the domain of relativistic physics.
Advance exact science of nowadays inherited the original ontology’s its efforts to systemize and conceptualize. In this respect the concept of ontology is now a non-speculative methodology for both studying reality objects and its used tools, which both instruments are important for our orientation in the space of physical, technical, mental and societal world. So, within the exactly considered ontology, we deal with the process of studying, as well as with the outcome of such studying of the objects observed or created by man and their respective made by man concepts, relations between them and relations between their systems in the fields of the given scientific branches. This book Ontological Analyses in Science, Technology and Informatics - the second volume released within the framework of the IntechOpen project in this field - is the illustration of application of the concept of ontology approach understood in the modern and exact way, it is the presentation of the Ontology science. This book covers the examples of the modern ontology approach, especially the approach in the branch of the Information Science dealing with the Inference and Proof, Knowledge patterns, Cross-Application Communication, Diagnosis and Expert systems in Health and Food and the Taxonomy problems.The intended readers of this book are researchers, students and all the practitioners in the field.
In this Introduction' we shall sketch the business of ontology, or metaphysics, and shall locate it on the map of learning. This has to be done because there are many ways of construing the word 'ontology' and because of the bad reputation metaphysics has suffered until recently - a well deserved one in most cases. 1. ONTOLOGICAL PROBLEMS Ontological (or metaphysical) views are answers to ontological ques tions. And ontological (or metaphysical) questions are questions with an extremely wide scope, such as 'Is the world material or ideal - or perhaps neutral?" 'Is there radical novelty, and if so how does it come about?', 'Is there objective chance or just an appearance of such due to human ignorance?', 'How is the mental related to the physical?', 'Is a community anything but the set of its members?', and 'Are there laws of history?'. Just as religion was born from helplessness, ideology from conflict, and technology from the need to master the environment, so metaphysics - just like theoretical science - was probably begotten by the awe and bewilderment at the boundless variety and apparent chaos of the phenomenal world, i. e. the sum total of human experience. Like the scientist, the metaphysician looked and looks for unity in diversity, for pattern in disorder, for structure in the amorphous heap of phenomena - and in some cases even for some sense, direction or finality in reality as a whole.
This provocative new book attempts to resolve traditional problems of identity over time. It seeks to answer such questions as "How is it that an object can survive change?" and "How much change can an object undergo without being destroyed?" To answer these questions Professor Heller presents a completely new theory about the nature of physical objects and about the relationship between our language and the physical world. According to his theory, the only actually existing physical entities are what the author calls "hunks," four dimensional objects extending across time and space. This is a major new contribution to ontological debate and will be essential reading for all philosophers concerned with metaphysics.
This book deals with two main topics. The first is a theory that aims to unify the many interpretations of probability presented in the literature. The second uses this comprehensive theory of probability to answer the questions of quantum mechanics that have long been debated. The entire book proposes original solutions that several experimental cases substantiate.
"These categories, such as structures, relations, sets, numbers and facts are discussed, and it is shown how different views about these categories are shaped by the positions different philosophers take in the battle between naturalists and ontologists. The final section of the book considers two features of the world which transcend the categories, existence and negation. The author examines and explains various attempts to accommodate these features in the world of the ontologist. This excellent introduction to ontology succeeds in stating clearly the important debate that underlies the question 'what exists?'. That it is able to do so in a systematic and readable fashion makes it indispensable for anyone with an interest in ontology and metaphysics."--BOOK JACKET.