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Excerpt from On the Surface Temperature of the North Sea and of the North Atlantic When we have defined, in regard to the main temperature wave, the mean-value and the half-range, we get, by addition or subtraction of this latter value from the former, to what we may call the Mean Maximum and the Mean Minimum temperatures. They are not strictly the mean maxima or mean minima of the year, for to determine these we should have to take into our calculations the in uence of the half-yearly and other higher oscillations of temper ature. But as a rule even the half-yearly uctuation is of no great magnitude, and the higher oscillations are very small indeed, so small that we can scarcely say whether they are real phenomena or (as is much more probable) are mere appearances due to our imperfect data. In any case, the approximate Mean Maxima and Minima, as we have defined them, - the maxima and minima, that is to say, of the fundamental sine-wave, - are features of considerable interest, whose local variations are often well worth studying. Let us now begin, after this short introduction, to consider the main results of our temperature investigations. Our object is to understand the temperature phenomena of the North Sea, and of the waters which surround the other coasts of our own islands. But all our coastal waters are but a part of the great system of waters of the Atlantic Ocean, and we cannot properly understand any of our local phenomena without some preliminary knowledge of the ocean temperatures of the whole North Atlantic basin. The temperature phenomena of the ocean are closely inter connected with the system of ocean currents; and these in turn are correlated with the system of prevailing winds, and are greatly affected by the form itself of the ocean-basin. Were the whole globe covered by a shoreless ocean, the distribu tion of temperature therein would be comparatively simple; and in the absence of wind it would be very simple indeed. For the main phenomenon would be that of a steady cooling of the surface of the sea from the Equator towards the poles, the temperature varying from a maximum at the one to a minimum at the other, as a simple function of the cosine of the latitude, At the same time, the waters of the ocean would not be stationary; for the waters cooled in the neighbourhood of the pole would be rendered heavier thereby, and would tend to sink, while the warmer and lighter waters farther south would always tend to oat over the colder and heavier layers. There would, in short, be a steady drift to the northward of warm surface waters from the Equator, while the cold waters of the pole would form a steady return-current at the bottom. The obvious effect as regards the surface temperatures would be that at any point14 Fishery Board for Scotland. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works."
" ... as soon as one has traversed the greater part of the wild sea, one comes upon such a huge quantity of ice that nowhere in the whole world has the like been known." "This ice is of a wonderful nature. It lies at times quite still, as one would expect, with openings or large fjords in it; but sometimes its movement is so strong and rapid as to equal that of a ship running before the wind, and it drifts against the wind as often as with it." Kongespeilet - 1250 A.D. ("The Mirror of Kings") Modern societies require increasing amounts influence on the water mass and on the resulting of scientific information about the environment total environment of the region; therefore, cer tain of its characteristics will necessarily be in whieh they live and work. For the seas this information must describe the air above the sea, included.
Excerpt from Bedfordshire Of Dunstable; as regards the former he often dwelt on its continuous connection with Bedford, from the earliest days of which the Anglo - Saxon Chronicle has. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.
In response to a request from Congress, Surface Temperature Reconstructions for the Last 2,000 Years assesses the state of scientific efforts to reconstruct surface temperature records for Earth during approximately the last 2,000 years and the implications of these efforts for our understanding of global climate change. Because widespread, reliable temperature records are available only for the last 150 years, scientists estimate temperatures in the more distant past by analyzing "proxy evidence," which includes tree rings, corals, ocean and lake sediments, cave deposits, ice cores, boreholes, and glaciers. Starting in the late 1990s, scientists began using sophisticated methods to combine proxy evidence from many different locations in an effort to estimate surface temperature changes during the last few hundred to few thousand years. This book is an important resource in helping to understand the intricacies of global climate change.
The northern North Atlantic is one of the regions most sensitive to past and present global changes. This book integrates the results of an interdisciplinary project studying the properties of the Greenland-Iceland-Norwegian Seas and the processes of pelagic and benthic particle formation, particle transport, and deposition in the deep-sea sediments. Ice-related and biogeochemical processes have been investigated to decipher the spatial and temporal variability of the production and fate of organic carbon in this region. Isotopic stratigraphy, microfossil assemblages and paleotemperatures are combined to reconstruct paleoceanographic conditions and to model past climatic changes in the Late Quaternary. The Greenland-Iceland-Norwegian Seas can now be considered one of the best studied subbasins of the world`s oceans.
One of Springer’s Major Reference Works, this book gives the reader a truly global perspective. It is the first major reference work in its field. Paleoclimate topics covered in the encyclopedia give the reader the capability to place the observations of recent global warming in the context of longer-term natural climate fluctuations. Significant elements of the encyclopedia include recent developments in paleoclimate modeling, paleo-ocean circulation, as well as the influence of geological processes and biological feedbacks on global climate change. The encyclopedia gives the reader an entry point into the literature on these and many other groundbreaking topics.
The first edition of Marine Geochemistry received strongcritical acclaim, and the reviews included the comments that it'provides a benchmark in the field' and 'is clearly recognizable asa standard text for years to come'. Marine Geochemistry offers a fully comprehensive andintegrated treatment of the chemistry of the oceans, theirsediments and biota. It addresses the fundamental question 'How dothe oceans work as a chemical system?' by capitalizing on thesignificant advances in understanding oceanic processes made overthe past three decades. These advances have been facilitated byimproved sampling and analytical techniques, a better understandingof theoretical concepts and the instigation of large-sizedinternational oceanographic programs. Designed for use as a text, the book treats the oceans as a'unified system' in which material stored in the sea water, thesediment and the rock reservoirs interacts to control thecomposition of sea water itself. Part I covers the transport ofmaterial to the oceans via rivers, the atmosphere and hydrothermalsystems, and discusses their relative flux magnitudes. Part IIconsiders the oceans as a reservoir, introducing water-columnparameters before discussing water-column fluxes and the benthicboundary layer. Part III is devoted to the sediment reservoir. Thetopics covered include diagenesis, the major components of thesediments, and the processes controlling the geochemistry ofoceanic deposit, which are discussed in terms of sediment-formingsignals. Part IV offers an overview and synthesis of the integratedmarine geochemical system. Since the publication of the first edition, there have beenfurther significant advances in several areas of the subject. Therevised text of this edition accommodates these advances, whilestill retaining the emphasis on identifying key processes operatingwithin a 'unified ocean.' Special attention has been paid tofundamental conceptual changes, such as those related to tracemetal speciation in sea water, hydrothermal activity, carbondioxide and the importance of the oceans in world climate change,the transport of particulate material to the interior of the ocean,primary production and iron limitation, colloids, and thepreservation/destruction of organic matter in marine sediments. Intermediate and advanced students with interests in chemicaloceanography, marine geochemistry, marine biology and environmentalchemistry will welcome this revised comprehensive text. Otherstudents in the broader field of earth sciences will find it to bean essential reference source dealing with the interaction betweenthe atmosphere, the ocean and the solid earth. Incorporates all significant recent advances in thefield. 'Unified system' approach to ocean chemistry. Emphasises geological contexts, e.g. sediment diagenesis.
This book offers an up-to-date review of our current understanding of climate change in the North Sea and adjacent areas, as well as its impact on ecosystems and socio-economic sectors. It provides a detailed assessment of climate change based on published scientific work compiled by independent international experts from climate-related disciplines such as oceanography, atmospheric sciences, marine and terrestrial ecology, using a regional evaluation and review process similar to that of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). It provides a comprehensive overview of all aspects of our changing climate, discussing a wide range of topics including past, current and future climate change, and climate-related changes in marine, terrestrial and freshwater ecosystems. It also explores the impact of climate change on socio-economic sectors such as fisheries, agriculture, coastal zone management, coastal protection, urban climate, recreation/tourism, offshore activities/energy, and air pollution.
How can the tiny plankton in the sea just off Western Europe be affected by changes 6000 km away on the other side of the North Atlantic Ocean? How can a slight rise in the temperature of the surface of the Pacific Ocean have a devastating impact on amphibian life in Costa Rica? Living populations across the globe are connected by great swayings of the world's atmosphere and oceans, the largest of which is El Nino. For almost half a century, the numbers of some of the smallest animals in the North Sea have gone up and down as the Gulf Stream has moved north and south 4000 miles away at the coast of the USA. This connection has happened because the weather patterns over the North Atlantic are intertwined by a phenomenon first described by a Danish missionary in the eighteenth century, the North Atlantic Oscillation. In The Dance of Air and Sea Arnold Taylor focuses on the large-scale dynamics of the world's climate, looking at how the atmosphere and oceans interact, and the ways in which ecosystems in water and on land respond to changes in weather. He tells stories of how discoveries were made, and the scientists who made them; and he considers the crucial issues of how the discoveries aid our response to global warming.
"When combined with computer model simulations, paleoclimatic reconstructions are used to test hypotheses about the causes of climatic change, such as greenhouse gases, solar variability, earth's orbital variations, and hydrological, oceanic, and tectonic processes, This book is a comprehensive, state-of-the art synthesis of paleoclimate research covering all geological timescales, emphasizing topics that shed light on modern trends in the earth's climate." --Book Jacket.