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The genetic basis of morphological variation provides a major topic in evolutionary developmental biology. Fish of the genus Danio, containing the model species zebrafish, Danio rerio, represent a system to study pigment pattern diversification as they display amazingly different patterns ranging from horizontal stripes, to vertical bars or spots. Stripe formation in D. rerio is a self-organizing process based on cell-contact mediated interactions between melanophores, xanthophores and iridophores. Little is known about the genetic and cellular basis of pigment pattern formation and evolution in other Danio species. Genes known to be involved in stripe formation in D. rerio might have functionally diverged to produce a pattern of vertical bars in its sibling species, Danio aesculapii. In collaboration with my colleagues, I showed by mutant analysis that the same three pigment cell types are required for bar formation. Reciprocal hemizygosity tests with genes, which are known to be involved in interactions between the pigment cells in D. rerio, identified the potassium channel gene kcnj13, but not the gap junction genes, gja4 and gja5b, or the adhesion molecule gene igsf11 as diverged between the two species. Further complementation tests with eight additional Danio species suggested evolutionary change in pigment patterns through repeated and independent functional divergences in kcnj13, gja5b and igsf11 across the genus. Focusing on kcnj13, we used in vivo imaging of transgenic reporters, transplantation experiments and lineage tracing of pigment cell population in chimeras and found that the shapes of all three types of pigment cells are affected in the D. rerio mutants, although the gene function is only required in melanophores. These differences, similar to the ones in D. rerio mutants, were also partly observed between D. rerio and D. aesculapii, might therefore underlie the evolutionary change of the divergent patterns. Using molecular, biochemical and bioinformatic analyses we confirmed the homo-tetrameric structure of the channel, which explains the dominant phenotype of most known mutations. A transcriptome-wide allele-specific expression analysis indicated higher expression of the D. rerio allele in hybrids between the two species. Together with our findings that the protein from both species are able to rescue the stripe phenotype in transgenic rescue lines, this confirmed cis-regulatory evolution of kcnj13. Species-specific pigment cell interactions could be important factors contributing to the variation in pigment patterns. This work highlights the genetic complexity underlying the diversification of pigment patterning and shows that the evolutionary history of biodiversity can be reconstructed in Danio fish.
The most comprehensive and integrated book on pigmentation The Pigmentary System, Second Edition, gathers into one convenient, all-inclusive volume a wealth of information about the science of pigmentation and all the common and rare clinical disorders that affect skin color. The two parts, physiology (science) and pathophysiology (clinical disorders), are complementary and annotated so that those reading one part can easily refer to relevant sections in the other. For the clinician interested in common or rare pigment disorders or the principles of teaching about such disorders, this book provides an immediate and complete resource on the biologic bases for these disorders. For the scientist studying the biology of melanocyte function, the book provides a list of disorders that are related to basic biological functions of melanocytes. New features of this Second Edition include: Completely new section on the basic science of pigmentation – explaining the integration of melanocyte functions with other epidermal cells and with various organ systems like the immune system New chapters on pigmentary disorders related to intestinal diseases, the malignant melanocyte, benign proliferations of melanocytes (nevi) and phototherapy with narrow band UV All clinical chapters include the latest genetic findings and advances in therapy More than 400 color images of virtually all clinical disorders The book is ideal for all dermatologists and especially those interested in disorders of pigmentation. It is of particular use for pediatric dermatologists and medical geneticists caring for patients with congenital and genetic pigmentary disorders. This authoritative volume will fill the gap for dermatology training programs that do not have local experts on pigmentation. Basic and cosmetic scientists studying pigmentation and melanocytes will find the science and clinical correlations very useful in showing human significance and relevance to the results of their studies.
Authored by leading experts in the field, this book provides the first comprehensive overview of the mechanisms of early patterning and morphogenesis in zebrafish. It summarizes the current knowledge and the key questions for the next decade of research.
Highlighting the growing importance of the sticklebacks as a model species in emerging fields such as molecular genetics, genomics, and environmental toxicology, Biology of the Three-Spined Stickleback examines data from researchers who use studies of the stickleback to address a wide range of biological issues. This state-of-the-art volume
A discussion of the neural crest and neural crest cells, dealing with their discovery, their embryological and evolutionary origins, their cellular derivatives - in both agnathan and jawed vertebrates or gnathostomes - and the broad topics of migration and differentiation in normal development. The book also considers what goes wrong when development is misdirected by mutations, or by exposure of embryos to exogenous agents such as drugs, alcohol, or excess vitamin A, and includes discussions of tumours and syndromes and birth defects involving neural crest cells.
The goldfish, Carassius auratus, a member of the Carp family, Cyprinidae, has been domesticated for many hundreds of years, as a food fish, a laboratory animal and now most important commercially, for ornamental and aesthetic purposes. There are now many scores of recognised varieties, which have been produced over time by selection processes and other methods described in detail in this stimulating book. Goldfish Varieties and Genetics covers all major aspects relating to goldfish breeding and genetics in a readable and user-friendly style. An account is presented of the domestication and evolution of the goldfish, including comprehensive details of the relevant genetic and biological principles involved in the development strategies and production of new varieties. The book also covers the subject of goldfish appreciation and the international significance of goldfish shows and show standards. The book concludes with an exciting forward look at the potential evolutionary future for the goldfish. This important and timely book brings together, for the first time, a wealth of scientific information, presented in a clear and understandable manner by Dr Joseph Smartt, who has many years' experience working in fish genetics and breeding. The book is a must-have purchase for all serious goldfish breeders, hobbyists and dealers, fish biologists and geneticists, aquarium keepers and aquaculture personnel. The author, Joseph Smartt is a Senior Visiting Research Fellow at the Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, UK.
Vertebrate forms are tremendously diverse. While there are many studies identifying genetic loci that have played a role in diversification, there are fewer that elucidate specific evolutionary changes and mechanisms at the cellular level which drive differences in adult morphology. Pigmentation is an especially tractable trait to study mechanisms of diversification in form. Fishes of the genus Danio exhibit diverse pigment patterns that serve as useful models for understanding the genes and cell behaviors underlying evolution of adult form. Among these species, zebrafish D. rerio exhibit several dark stripes of melanophores with sparse iridophores that alternate with light interstripes of dense iridophores and xanthophores. By contrast, the closely related species D. nigrofasciatus has an attenuated pattern with fewer melanophores, stripes and interstripes. Here we demonstrate species differences in iridophore development that set-up the fully formed patterns. Using genetic and transgenic approaches we identify the secreted peptide Endothelin-3 (Edn3)--a known melanogenic factor of tetrapods--as contributing to reduced iridophore proliferation and fewer stripes and interstripes in D. nigrofasciatus. We further show the locus encoding this factor is expressed at lower levels in D. nigrofasciatus owing to cis-regulatory differences between species, and that functions of two paralogous loci encoding Edn3 have been partitioned between skin and non-skin iridophores. In contrast, Edn3 is required by all three pigment cell types in the developmental model the Mexican axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum), suggesting a model for evolutionary changes in Edn3 requirements in pigment pattern diversification across vertebrates. We show that the locus responsible for the historic axolotl pigment phenotype, "white" (d/d), is edn3. Transgenic restoration of Edn3 expression in the white axolotl rescues the pigmentation phenotype, while knockdown of Edn3 in wild-type axolotls via morpholino injections phenocopies white.
The second edition of The Diversity of Fishes represents a major revision of the world’s most widely adopted ichthyology textbook. Expanded and updated, the second edition is illustrated throughout with striking color photographs depicting the spectacular evolutionary adaptations of the most ecologically and taxonomically diverse vertebrate group. The text incorporates the latest advances in the biology of fishes, covering taxonomy, anatomy, physiology, biogeography, ecology, and behavior. A new chapter on genetics and molecular ecology of fishes has been added, and conservation is emphasized throughout. Hundreds of new and redrawn illustrations augment readable text, and every chapter has been revised to reflect the discoveries and greater understanding achieved during the past decade. Written by a team of internationally-recognized authorities, the first edition of The Diversity of Fishes was received with enthusiasm and praise, and incorporated into ichthyology and fish biology classes around the globe, at both undergraduate and postgraduate levels. The second edition is a substantial update of an already classic reference and text. Companion resources site This book is accompanied by a resources site: www.wiley.com/go/helfman The site is being constantly updated by the author team and provides: · Related videos selected by the authors · Updates to the book since publication · Instructor resources · A chance to send in feedback