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A major objective of air quality monitoring is often to determine compliance with air quality standards, which may in part consist of a 24-hour level not to be exceeded more than once a year. Calculational procedures are critiqued for estimating the corresponding ambient pollution level when a sampling program is operating in conformity with EPA guidelines, that is once every 3 to 6 days. Quantitative consideration is given to the questions of the statistical independence of the data, the commutativity of expectation and exponentiation operations, and the statistical variability of the calculated results. Monte-Carlo simulations indicate a 95-percent confidence interval of + or - 56 percent at 60 samples per year and + or - 40 percent at 120 samples per year. Based on these calculations, sampling frequencies of every third to every sixth day are inadequate for determining conformity with standards expressed as levels not to be exceeded more than once per year.
The main objective of these updated global guidelines is to offer health-based air quality guideline levels, expressed as long-term or short-term concentrations for six key air pollutants: PM2.5, PM10, ozone, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide and carbon monoxide. In addition, the guidelines provide interim targets to guide reduction efforts of these pollutants, as well as good practice statements for the management of certain types of PM (i.e., black carbon/elemental carbon, ultrafine particles, particles originating from sand and duststorms). These guidelines are not legally binding standards; however, they provide WHO Member States with an evidence-informed tool, which they can use to inform legislation and policy. Ultimately, the goal of these guidelines is to help reduce levels of air pollutants in order to decrease the enormous health burden resulting from the exposure to air pollution worldwide.
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Air quality data for Cleveland, Ohio, for the period of 1967 to 1971 have been collated and subjected to statistical analysis. Total suspended particulate is clearly lognormally distributed, while sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide are reasonably approximated by lognormal distributions. Only sulfur dioxide, in some residential neighborhoods, meets Ohio air quality standards. Air quality has definitely improved in the industrial valley, while in the rest of the city, only sulfur dioxide has shown consistent improvement. A pollution index is introduced which displays directly the degree to which the environmental air conforms to mandated standards.