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Oil-and-Gas Implied Covenants for the Twenty-First Century: The Next Step in Evolution is the first book in over 75 years to be devoted to the implied covenants that courts apply to oil-and-gas and other natural-resource leases. Implied covenants, which apply to all oil-and-gas and other natural-resource leases that use a royalty structure, are hugely important. The United States has reclaimed its position as the world's largest natural-gas producer, it may soon again become the largest oil producer, and the oil-and-gas industry once again is rapidly growing. All this production comes from leased land. And the covenants are the basic body of law, an oilfield common law, developed to carry out the basic purpose of these leases. Oil-and-Gas Implied Covenants features an extended treatment of the issue of greatest controversy in recent years: whether the lessee has to bear all costs of making oil or gas "marketable," or instead can deduct some of those costs from the landowner's interest. Oil-and-Gas Implied Covenants also focuses on the duty to drill additional zones or formations. This affects many shale and other unconventional reservoirs -- the main sources of the surge in oil and gas production over the last decade. Many of these leases are being held by older wells producing from conventional reservoirs. The implied duty to develop and explore should empower lessors to force drilling into the new, unconventional reservoirs, too. If prices begin to drop and lessees begin cutting back on drilling, this duty will end up being a major litigation weapon in the geographic areas into which production is expanding today. On another issue that will be vitally important in the future but has received far too little recognition, the author surveys the law on environmental cleanup and restoration. It is the author's recommendation that lessor and lessee would be better served by treating these issues under a new contract-based implied duty to restore rather than the current treatment under the torts of negligence, nuisance, and trespass. The author also recommends that courts consider a new implied duty to disclose material facts and a new duty limiting costs deducted from the royalty share to actual, reasonable costs. Finally, Oil-and-Gas Implied Covenants illustrates how covenants should apply to hard minerals and other natural resources leased on a royalty-structure basis. And it identifies the areas where implied covenants should be useful to parties in international arbitration and litigation. Thus it points to important new applications of this settled body of law.
Rev. ed. of : Commentaries on the modern law of real property / by George W. Thompson.
The global economy has experienced four waves of rapid debt accumulation over the past 50 years. The first three debt waves ended with financial crises in many emerging market and developing economies. During the current wave, which started in 2010, the increase in debt in these economies has already been larger, faster, and broader-based than in the previous three waves. Current low interest rates mitigate some of the risks associated with high debt. However, emerging market and developing economies are also confronted by weak growth prospects, mounting vulnerabilities, and elevated global risks. A menu of policy options is available to reduce the likelihood that the current debt wave will end in crisis and, if crises do take place, will alleviate their impact.
The Financial Crisis Inquiry Report, published by the U.S. Government and the Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission in early 2011, is the official government report on the United States financial collapse and the review of major financial institutions that bankrupted and failed, or would have without help from the government. The commission and the report were implemented after Congress passed an act in 2009 to review and prevent fraudulent activity. The report details, among other things, the periods before, during, and after the crisis, what led up to it, and analyses of subprime mortgage lending, credit expansion and banking policies, the collapse of companies like Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, and the federal bailouts of Lehman and AIG. It also discusses the aftermath of the fallout and our current state. This report should be of interest to anyone concerned about the financial situation in the U.S. and around the world.THE FINANCIAL CRISIS INQUIRY COMMISSION is an independent, bi-partisan, government-appointed panel of 10 people that was created to "examine the causes, domestic and global, of the current financial and economic crisis in the United States." It was established as part of the Fraud Enforcement and Recovery Act of 2009. The commission consisted of private citizens with expertise in economics and finance, banking, housing, market regulation, and consumer protection. They examined and reported on "the collapse of major financial institutions that failed or would have failed if not for exceptional assistance from the government."News Dissector DANNY SCHECHTER is a journalist, blogger and filmmaker. He has been reporting on economic crises since the 1980's when he was with ABC News. His film In Debt We Trust warned of the economic meltdown in 2006. He has since written three books on the subject including Plunder: Investigating Our Economic Calamity (Cosimo Books, 2008), and The Crime Of Our Time: Why Wall Street Is Not Too Big to Jail (Disinfo Books, 2011), a companion to his latest film Plunder The Crime Of Our Time. He can be reached online at www.newsdissector.com.
Based on first-hand experience with companies such as Volvo, BP, Proctor and Gamble, ICI and Fuji Xerox, Elkington defines the triple bottom line of 21st century business as profit, environmental sustainability and social responsibility.
This volume presents a detailed study of the climate strategies of ExxonMobil, Shell, and Statoil. With an innovative analytical approach, the authors explain variations at three decision-making levels: within the companies themselves, in the national home-bases of the companies, and at the international level. The analysis generates policy-relevant knowledge about whether and how corporate resistance to a viable climate policy can be overcome.
Formally acknowledging water as a human right could encourage the international community and governments to enhance their efforts to satisfy basic human needs and to meet the Millennium Development Goals. But critical questions arise in relation to a right to water. What would be the benefits and content of such a right? What mechanisms would be required for its effective implementation? Should the duty be placed on governments alone, or should the responsibility also be borne by private actors? Is another 'academic debate' on this subject warranted when action is really what is necessary? Without claiming to prescribe the answers, this publication clearly and carefully sets out the competing arguments and the challenges.