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The Spanish economy entered a deep recession in 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. A strong government response has protected jobs and firms. However, the crisis has exacerbated long-standing structural challenges, such as high unemployment, inequalities and regional disparities.
The Spanish economy continues its strong growth, thanks to past structural reforms, robust employment growth and accommodative macroeconomic policies. However, the legacy of the crisis has not yet been fully overcome and imbalances remain.
OECD's 2012 Economic Survey of Spain examines recent economic developments, policies and prospects and takes a specia look at the banking crisis and youth employment.
Estonia’s economy continues to perform well, and growing incomes support well-being. However, the expansion has peaked, and growth is set to soften due to weak international demand. Prudent fiscal policy has resulted in low debt, but spending pressures related to meeting infrastructure needs and ageing are mounting. Old age poverty is high and the proposal to allow early withdrawal of pension funds threatens macroeconomic stability and pension adequacy. The gender wage gap is among the highest in the OECD, and inequalities in income and health are considerable, reflecting gaps in the social safety net. The oil-shale sector is highly energy-intensive and is the main culprit behind Estonia’s high greenhouse gas emissions, but reducing dependence on the sector is challenging, as it is an important employer and meets 70% of Estonia’s energy needs.
The OECD Economic Outlook is the OECD’s twice-yearly analysis of the major economic trends and prospects for the next two years.
Middle-class households feel left behind and have questioned the benefits of economic globalisation.
The OECD Economic Survey of Spain for 2014 examines recent economic developments, prospects and policies. This edition includes special chapters covering raising potential growth and boosting the business sector.
OECD's 2012 Economic Survey of Spain examines recent economic developments, policies and prospects and takes a special look at the banking crisis and youth employment.
This 2017 OECD Economic Survey of Spain examines recent economic developments, policies and prospects. The special chapters cover improving job quality and innovative business investment.
Spain implemented sizable measures to cushion the impact of the pandemic and of the inflationary shock after Russia’s war of aggression against Ukraine. The economy has held up well, but public debt, which was already high, has increased because of the pandemic, making it urgent to step up the pace of fiscal consolidation.