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The Spanish economy entered a deep recession in 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. A strong government response has protected jobs and firms. However, the crisis has exacerbated long-standing structural challenges, such as high unemployment, inequalities and regional disparities.
The Spanish economy continues its strong growth, thanks to past structural reforms, robust employment growth and accommodative macroeconomic policies. However, the legacy of the crisis has not yet been fully overcome and imbalances remain.
Estonia’s economy continues to perform well, and growing incomes support well-being. However, the expansion has peaked, and growth is set to soften due to weak international demand. Prudent fiscal policy has resulted in low debt, but spending pressures related to meeting infrastructure needs and ageing are mounting. Old age poverty is high and the proposal to allow early withdrawal of pension funds threatens macroeconomic stability and pension adequacy. The gender wage gap is among the highest in the OECD, and inequalities in income and health are considerable, reflecting gaps in the social safety net. The oil-shale sector is highly energy-intensive and is the main culprit behind Estonia’s high greenhouse gas emissions, but reducing dependence on the sector is challenging, as it is an important employer and meets 70% of Estonia’s energy needs.
This 2000 edition of OECD's periodic review of Spain's economy examines recent economic developments, policies and prospects and includes special features on structural reforms and the tax system.
Middle-class households feel left behind and have questioned the benefits of economic globalisation.
The French economy rebounded quickly following the COVID-19 crisis, in particular thanks to the acceleration of the vaccination campaign and strong public support measures. Rapid and effective implementation of the recovery and investment plans would help support stronger and more sustainable growth.
Economic activity has contracted less in Korea than in other OECD countries, thanks to the prompt and effective reaction of the authorities to contain the spread of the COVID-19 virus and to the wide-ranging government support to households and businesses. Nevertheless, the pandemic generates strong headwinds.
OECD's 2001 Economic Survey of Spain examines recent economic developments, policies and prospects and includes a special chapter on the pension system.
OECD's periodic review of South Africa's economy. This edition features chapters covering moving beyond the crisis and finding a sustainable growth path, strengthening the macroeconomic policy framework, and closing the labour utilisation gap.
This 2005 edition of OECD's periodic survey of Spain's economy opens with a broad assessment of economic challenges and includes chapters covering macroeconomic stability and competitiveness, raising productivity growth and job creation, public sector decentralisation and pension system reform.