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This book explores, for the first time, the influence of Anacreon and the Anacreontic tradition on Horace's Odes and Epodes. It focuses first on the original fragments of Anacreon and their reception in Horace, paying attention to the central themes of wine, love, and satire. In a second part, the possibility of conscious Horatian reception of the earliest Carmina Anacreontea (and the broader Anacreontic tradition) as distinct from the original is discussed and shown to be highly probable. This imitation of imitation can be labelled, in Gérard Genette's words, as "literature in the third degree". As a significant predecessor of Horace, Anacreon can be described as no less than the central pivot between Archilochus and Hipponax, on the one hand, and Alcaeus and Sappho, on the other. He represents the tie between Horace's iambic and lyric personae and is thus a much more encompassing predecessor than any one of the other four above-mentioned counterparts.
According to Pliny's definition, Natural History is a book about the natural world or life. It is the first encyclopedic work in history and a model for later encyclopedias. It is also the largest single work to have survived from the Roman Empire to the modern days. In this book, Pliny covers topics including astronomy, mathematics, geography, ethnography, anthropology, human physiology, zoology, botany, agriculture, horticulture, pharmacology, mining, mineralogy, sculpture, art, and precious stones. In total, the book consists of 10 volumes which contain 37 books. For Pliny, nature was divine. It was a pantheistic concept inspired by the Stoic philosophy. Also, according to this philosophy, the components of nature are described with a view to their role in human life. Pliny devotes a number of the books to plants, focusing on their medicinal value; the books on minerals include descriptions of their uses in architecture, sculpture, art, and jewelry.