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This is a hands-on, practical guide to general and specific practices in oil palm nurseries to produce healthy, vigorous and uniform plants ready for field planting. There are two nursery stages, pre-nursery and main nursery. The pre-nursery receives both germinated seeds and tissue culture produced plantlets (ramets) which are planted in a relatively small area in which shade and humidity can be controlled. Once young plants are established they are transferred to the main nursery, potted-on and grown on to produce field-ready plants. Good nursery practices, using sustainable approaches where possible, aim to provide high quality planting materials for both commercial production and field trialling. This is an invaluable manual for commercial seed producers, nursery plant producers, commercial plantation companies and plant breeders, as well as researchers in oil palm. It is useful for those starting a career in oil palm production, and as a reference guide for managers and for training purposes.
The origin and development of the oil palm industry. The botany of the oil palm. The climates and soils of the oil palm regions. Factors affecting growth, flowering and yield. Oil palm selection and breeding. Germination and the preparation and storage of seed. The raising of nursery seedlings. The preparation of land for oil palm plantations. The establishment of oil palms in the field. The care and maintenance of a plantation. The nutrition of the oil palm. Mixed cropping, rearing livestock among oil palms and tapping for wine. Diseases and pests of the oil palm. The products of the oil palm and their extraction.
Selection and preparation of a nursery site. Watering of the nurserv. Selecting the type of nursery procedure. Double stage nursery. Planting into the pre-nursery basket or polybag. Large polybag filling and layout of the nursery. Planting out into large polybags from the pre-nursery. Single stage nursery. Fertiliser programme. Pest and disease control. Culling. Doubletons. Labour aspects. Dos and donts of nursery practice.
The oil palm is the world's most valuable oil crop. Its production has increased over the decades, reaching 56 million tons in 2013, and it gives the highest yields per hectare of all oil crops. Remarkably, oil palm has remained profitable through periods of low prices. Demand for palm oil is also expanding, with the edible demand now complemented by added demand from biodiesel producers. The Oil Palm is the definitive reference work on this important crop. This fifth edition features new topics - including the conversion of palm oil to biodiesel, and discussions about the impacts of palm oil production on the environment and effects of climate change alongside comprehensively revised chapters, with updated references throughout. The Oil Palm, Fifth Edition will be useful to researchers, plantation and mill managers who wish to understand the science underlying recommended practices. It is an indispensable reference for agriculture students and all those working in the oil palm industry worldwide.
The nursery. Planning considerations for different nursery systems. Decision on nursery policy. Work items in nursery establishment and maintenance. Site selection and clearing. Preparation of a detailed nursery programme. The pre-nursery. Alignment and construction of the access road and clearing the pre-nursery and main nursery sites. Preparation of the pre-nursery. Maintenance in the pre-nursery. The main nursery. Preparing and planting the main nursery. Maintenance of the main nursery. The field. Jungle clearing. Timing of clearing and establishment operations. Organisation of jungle clearing. Establishment and maintenance of cover crops. Preparating for sowing covers. Sowing covers. Maintenance of covers and circle weeding. Field planting. Timing of field planting. Organisation of field planting. Field operations in the immature and mature phases. Weed control. Manuring covers. Castration. Assisted pollination. Pruning palms. Harvesting. Summary of the timing and labour requirements for main work items. The control and inspection of field operations.