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This study aims to investigate numerically, the effect of anchor groups on concrete breakout strength using nonlinear finite element analysis. Steel headed studs were cast in place within concrete of different amounts of steel fibers. Different proportions of steel fibers (0%, 0.5%, 1%,1.5%) were utilized within steel fiber reinforced concrete (SFRC) for the numerical simulation.The physical properties of SFRC were modelled with respect to its composite compressive and tensile strength obtained from the experiments. The analysis was conducted on the concrete breakout strength of anchor bolts within SFRC. A good agreement was achieved between the numerical and the experimental results. The numerical results show that the concrete breakout cone radius decreases, and the concrete breakout strength increases as the percentage of steel fiber in the mix increases. The increase in the breakout strength with respect to plain concrete was around 47%, 84%, and 92% as the steel fiber percentage increased to 0.5%, 1% and 1.5%respectively. The grouping effect of anchors was quantified by conducting a numerical analysis on the concrete breakout strength of single anchor under uniaxial tensile loading. A grouping effect factor was found out, which signifies the percentage of load required to break out a concrete cone when the grouping effect takes place. The numerical analysis found out that the grouping effect factor is 0.8, 0.82, 0.84, 0.84 for SFRC 0%, 0.5%, 1%, 1.5% respectively. A parametric study was carried out, understand the effects of anchor bolt embedded length and its diameter n the concrete breakout strength. The nonlinear finite element analysis shows that increasing the embedded length of the anchor bolt from 2.5" to 3.5" increases the breakout strength by 25%, 26.6%, 26.7% and 26.5% for SFRC 0%, 0.5%, 1%, 1.5% respectively.
This research investigates the effect of anchor groups on concrete breakout strength within steel fiber reinforced concrete (SFRC) under tension load. High strength steel headed studs (F1554 Grade 105) in grouping action were cast-in-place within concrete specimens of different amounts of steel fibers. Four types of concrete mix designs were produced in the lab by using different amounts of steel fibers (0%, 0.5%, 1%, and 1.5%) by volume fraction of the mixture. The physical properties of steel fibers reinforced concrete were calculated through testing of specimens at the Civil Engineering Laboratory Building (CELB). In total, 12 cylinder specimens of 4-inch diameter and 8-inch height for compressive strength, 12 cylinder specimens of 6-inch diameter and 12-inch height for split tensile test, 12 beam specimens of 6*6*20 inch for modulus of rupture and flexural behavior. 4 concrete beams of 54*18*10 inch were cast-in-place with 12 sets of anchor groups were installed and tested after 28 days of curing. Embedment depth and distance between anchors for all group sets are kept constant. The effective embedment depth and the spacing between two anchors in grouping action are specified as per ACI 318-19.The experiments revealed that the increase of the amount of the steel fiber fraction increases the concrete breakout strength of anchor groups in tension by 43.33%, 73.42%, and 81.1% for 0.5%, 1.0%, and 1.5% volume fraction of steel fibers respectively. The research shows that the diameter of the concrete failure cone was reduced by increasing steel fibers. The failure angle increased by 14.6%, 48.5%, and 70% for 0.5%, 1.0%, and 1.5%. The concrete breakout strengths for anchor groups were compared with single anchors were tested at the same conditions. The anchors group effect reduces the concrete breakout strength by (19.45%, 16.8%, 15.7%, and 14%) for (0.0, 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5%) steel fiber compared with single anchor. Concrete compressive strength increased by (9.5%, 25.5%, and 17.5%) for (0.5%, 1%, and 1.5%) steel fibers respectively. The split tensile strength increased by (20.5%, 32.63%, and 35.35%) for (0.5%, 1%, and 1.5%) steel fibers and the flexural of concrete increased also by (3.7%, 9.8%, and 16.4%). Finally compare the experimental results of the concrete breakout strength with modified Concrete Capacity Design Method (CCD).
This research investigates the effects of steel fibers on the concrete breakout of the cast-in-place headed stud anchors in tension. High strength anchors (F1554 G105) is used in this study for varying steel fiber dosage of 0.0%, 0.5% and 1.0% by volume fraction of concrete. The physical properties of steel fiber reinforced concrete were calculated through various test at the Civil Engineering laboratory Building. In total, 9-cylinder specimens of 4" diameter and 8" height, and 9 beam specimens, 6"x6"x20" were made and tested. After 28 days of curing, the specimens were tested for their compressive strength and modulus of rupture, as well as 9-cylinder specimens of 6" diameter and 12" height to test for split tensile test. Nine headed stud anchors were installed and tested in the various mixtures. The depth of anchor embedment is kept constant, and the spacing between anchors is specified as per ACI 318-14. No grouping action was found. CCD method (ACI 318-14) is modified in order to predict the concrete breakout capacity of the cast-in-place anchor. The experiment revealed that the increase in dosage of fiber fraction increases the compressive strength of the concrete by 35% and 48% for 0.5% and 1% respectively compared from normal weight concrete without steel fibers. The breakout strength of concrete in tension increased by 77% for 0.5% volume fraction of steel fiber in concrete and increased 107% for 1.0% volume fractions of steel fiber in concrete in comparison with 0.0% Steel fiber reinforced concrete. It is found that the diameter of cone of concrete reduced as the dosage of steel fibers increased and the failure angle increased as the dosage of steel fibers increased.
This study investigates the numerical analysis of concrete breakout strength of cast in place anchors in shear within synthetic fiber reinforced concrete (SYN-FRC). A three dimensional, full-scale model was developed using the ABAQUS 6.14 software. The 3D solid elements with consideration of material nonlinearities were chosen to stimulate the SYN-FRC beam anchorage. The numerical analysis was conducted with a fixed loading rate of 300lb per step to obtain the behavior of fiber-reinforced concrete breakout with design-mix compressive strength of 4,000 psi and fiber volume fraction of 0%, 0.5%, 1.0%, and 1.5%. An inverse analysis was used to calibrate the material model defined in the ABAQUS software with experimental data from previous research since fiber reinforced concrete cannot be modeled precisely with the random distribution of fibers in the concrete matrix. Only compression tests and slump tests were performed to testify the results of the tests with the previous experimental data. Since a good agreement between results was observed, the tensile strength, flexure strength, and anchor shear test results for SYN-FRC were directly used to model in ABAQUS. It was discovered that the compressive strength of the concrete decreased as the fiber reinforcement increased, which can contribute to reducing workability and increased air voids from poor consolidation. In contrast, using synthetic fibers leads to an increase in tensile, flexure, and the anchorage capacity of concrete for the cast-in-place anchor loaded in shear. From the numerical analysis, the Modulus of elasticity increased by 2.8%, 5.0%, and 5.1% for the fiber volume fraction of 0.5%, 1.0%, and 1.5%, respectively, in comparison to the empirical computation of Elastic Modulus. Therefore, from numerical analysis, a parametric study was conducted to evaluate the Elastic Modulus for synthetic fiber reinforced concrete by calibrating load-deflection behavior from physical tests.
This study investigates the effects of Polypropylene fibers on the concrete breakout strength of cast in place anchors in shear under different loading rates. The steel headed anchors were cast within concrete specimens of different amounts of Polypropylene fibers. Four differing mixtures were produced using, 0, 0.5, 1, and 1.5% fibers by volume of the mixture. Their physical properties were calculated through testing at the Civil Engineering Laboratory Building. In total, 16 cylindrical specimens, 4" in diameter and 8" in height, and 6 beam specimens, 6"x6"x20" were produced and tested. After 28 days of curing, the specimens were tested for their compressive and tensile strengths, as well as their modulus of rupture. The results of the tests were then analyzed. It was discovered that as the fiber reinforcement approached 1% and over, the compressive strength of the concrete decreased which was attributed to reduce workability and increasing air voids from poor consolidation. In contrast, using Polypropylene fibers leads to increase the concrete tensile strength and the concrete shear breakout capacity for the anchor. Also, it's found that the cone of influence increase as the anchor embedded length or edge distance increase. Cone of influence control the anchor shear mode failure, once the cone of influence is high that leads to steel failure proceeded by concrete spall, for that mode of failure increasing fiber dosage 1.0% leads to decrease load failure 55% and decrease displacement 50%. Loading rate will play a major roll to determine the failure load, once the loading rate is higher that will provide a higher impact load, where increasing loading rate 150% leads to decrease load failure 25% and increase displacement 15%.
This study investigates the effects of Polypropylene fibers on the concrete breakout of post-installed screw anchor bolts. Concrete anchors were installed within concrete specimens of differing amounts of Polypropylene fibers. Four differing mixtures were produced using, 0, 0.5, 1, and 1.5% fibers by volume of the mixture. Their physical properties were calculated through testing at the Civil Engineering Laboratory Building (CELB). In total, 16 cylindrical specimens, 4" in diameter and 8" in height, and 6 beam specimens, 6"x6"x20" were produced and tested. After 28 days of curing, the specimens were tested for their compressive and tensile strengths, as well as their modulus of rupture. Additionally, twenty screw anchors were installed and tested in the varying mixture types. The results of the tests were then analyzed. It was discovered that as the fiber reinforcement approached 1% and over, the compressive strength of the concrete decreased which was attributed to reduced workability and increasing air voids from poor consolidation. Although the compressive strengths of the 1% and 1.5% were reduced, there was a linear trend between the addition of fiber reinforcement and tensile breakout capacity, however the results also showed a relationship between the compressive strength of the concrete and the tensile breakout capacity. Regression analysis was performed and the CCD method modified in order to predict the breakout capacity of a post-installed anchor. In conclusion, the addition of fiber reinforcement will lead to an increase in the breakout capacity of an anchor, while the reduction in compressive strength of a specimen will lead to a decrease in the breakout capacity of an anchor. Due to loss in workability the addition of fibers can also lead to poor consolidation which can lead to a reduction in the compressive strength, and thus a reduction in the breakout capacity of the anchor.
Das Buch stellt den aktuellen Stand der kompletten Befestigungstechnik für Beton und Mauerwerk mit Einlegeteilen (Ankerschienen, Kopfbolzen), Dübeln (Metallspreizdübel, Hinterschnittdübel, Verbunddübel, Betonschrauben, Kunststoffdübel) und Setzbolzen umfassend dar. Die Befestigungselemente und ihre Wirkungsmechanismen werden ausführlich beschrieben und das Tragverhalten im ungerissenen und gerissenen Beton untersucht. Weiterhin werden das Korrosionsverhalten, das Verhalten bei Brandbeanspruchung sowie bei Erdbeben- und Schockbeanspruchung behandelt. Von besonderer internationaler Aktualität ist die Bemessung gemäß der europäischen und amerikanischen Normung. Praxisorientierte Kriterien zur Auswahl von Befestigungsmitteln und Bemessungsbeispiele runden das Werk zu einem einzigartigen Handbuch ab.
Anchorage by fasteners and composite structures of steel and concrete have seen dramatic progress in research, technology and application over the past decades. The understanding of the fundamental principles underlying both disciplines has significantly improved. Concurrently, there has been rapid growth in the development of sophisticated new products and the establishment of international directives and codes to ensure their safe and economical use in a wide range of engineered structures. Although they deal with very similar problems, the two disciplines have developed independently from each other. To optimize the use of composite structures and fastenings to concrete, however, it is necessary to have knowledge of both: the local behavior of the fastening system and the global behavior of the structure. It became apparent that a forum offering the opportunity to expand and to exchange experience in the field of connecting steel and concrete would benefit all involved. Furthermore this forum would aid in the rapid dissemination of new ideas, technologies and solutions as well as explore new areas of research.This book forms the Proceedings of the 2 Symposium on “Connections between Steel and Concrete”. As the 1 Symposium in 2001 it brought together leading experts from all facets of the research, design, construction and anchor manufacturing community from around the world. Their lectures covered the topics:- test methods- behavior and design- dynamic loading: shock, earthquake, fatigue- durability- exceptional applications, strenghtening and structures- related topicsIn total 129 papers are gathered in these 2 volumes.
Cement-based composites, such as concrete, are extensively used in a variety of structural applications. However, concrete exhibits a brittle tensile behavior that could lead to reduced durability and structural performance in the long term. The use of discontinuous fibers to reduce the brittleness of the concrete, and improve its post-cracking tensile behavior, has been a focus of structural materials research since the 1960's. Cement-based materials reinforced with short discontinuous fibers are known as Fiber Reinforced Composites (FRC). High Performance Fiber Reinforced Cement-based Composites (HPFRCC) are a special type of FRC materials that exhibit tensile strain-hardening behavior under varied types of loading conditions such as direct tension or bending. The use of HPFRCC materials in structural applications has shown to improve not only durability and long term performance, but also has proven to enhance inelastic load-deformation behavior, ductility, energy dissipation and shear capacity. The use of HPFRCC materials can also result in a potential reduction of steel reinforcement required for both flexure and shear relative to traditional reinforced concrete structures. The interaction between the mild steel and the ductile HPFRCC matrix in tension was investigated in contrast to that of normal weight concrete. The measured responses demonstrated both the tension stiffening effects of HPFRCC materials as well as the early strain hardening and fracture of the reinforcing bar relative to that in a normal weight concrete observed through full specimen response up to fracturing of the reinforcement. All of the HPFRCC specimens tested exhibited multiple cracking in uniaxial tension. Splitting cracks observed in the concrete at low specimen strain levels and in HyFRC and SC-HyFRC specimens at higher specimen strain levels contributed to the spreading of strain along the reinforcing bar in those specimens, resulting in a larger displacement capacity relative to the ECC specimens, which did not exhibit splitting cracks. Early strain hardening is hypothesized to be the reason for the additional strength observed in specimens subjected to flexure where the interaction between the steel and the HPFRCC matrix plays an important role in the load-displacement response. A modified approach for estimating the flexural capacity of a section of reinforced HPFRCC using experimental tension stiffening data was proposed and demonstrated to improve the accuracy of flexural capacity predictions. Two-dimensional finite element modeling approaches using a total strain based constitutive model were investigated. The numerical simulations demonstrated the relevance of using standard characterization tests to define the tensile and compressive stress-strain curves for the material constitutive model. The simulations capture the initial and post cracking stiffness, load at first cracking, load and strain at localization and deformation capacity observed in the experiments. Multiple cracking was observed in the numerical simulations for the ECC and HyFRC. The models were able to simulate the cracking progression and localization of strains at primary and secondary cracks for the ECC and the HyFRC. The numerical simulations that used the splitting bond-slip model captured the distribution of the strains in the steel better than perfect bond and pull-out bond-slip models as the slip in the interface allowed for a less localized failure of the specimens, especially in the ECC models. The models were also able to accurately capture the early hardening behavior observed in the experiments. A methodology to estimate the flexural strength of HPFRCC structural components by using numerical simulation of tension stiffening has been proposed and validated on a high performance fiber reinforced concrete (HPFRC) infill panel and ECC and HyFRC beams. This methodology serves as an extension of the methodology proposed using experimental tension stiffening results. In the absence of additional experiments, numerical simulation is proposed. A good level of accuracy has been found between the predicted and actual flexural capacities of the investigated components. The proposed methodology is based on the current assumptions from planar analysis used in the calculation of flexural strength in reinforced concrete components.