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Nanoparticle holds significant promise as the next generation of drug carrier that can realize targeted therapy with minimal toxicity. To improve the delivery efficiency of nanoparticles, it is important to study their transport and deposition in blood flow. Many factors, like particle size, vessel geometry and blood flow rate, have significant influence on the particle transport, thus on the deposition fraction and distribution. In this thesis, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations of blood flow and drug particle deposition were conducted in four models representing the human lung vasculature: artificial artery geometry, artificial vein geometry, original geometry and over-smoothed original geometry. Flow conditions used included both steady-state inlet flow and pulsatile inlet flow. Parabolic flow pattern and lumped mathematic model were used for inlet and outlet boundary conditions respectively. Blood flow was treated as laminar and Newtonian. Particle trajectories were calculated in each of these models by solving the integrated force balance on the particle, and adding a stochastic Brownian term at each step. A receptor-ligand model was integrated to simulate the particle binding probability. The results indicate the following: (i) Pulsatile flow can accelerate the particle binding activity and improve the particle deposition fraction on bifurcation areas; (ii) Unlike drug delivery in lung respiratory system, particle diffusion is very weak in blood flow, no clear relationship between the particle size and deposition area was found in our four-generation lung vascular model; and (iii) Surface imperfections have the dominant effect on particle deposition fraction over a wide range of particle sizes. Ideal artificial geometry is not sufficient to predict drug deposition, and an accurate image based geometry is required.
Numerical Modeling of Nanoparticle Transport in Porous Media: MATLAB/PYTHON Approach focuses on modeling and numerical aspects of nanoparticle transport within single- and two-phase flow in porous media. The book discusses modeling development, dimensional analysis, numerical solutions and convergence analysis. Actual types of porous media have been considered, including heterogeneous, fractured, and anisotropic. Moreover, different interactions with nanoparticles are studied, such as magnetic nanoparticles, ferrofluids and polymers. Finally, several machine learning techniques are implemented to predict nanoparticle transport in porous media. This book provides a complete full reference in mathematical modeling and numerical aspects of nanoparticle transport in porous media. It is an important reference source for engineers, mathematicians, and materials scientists who are looking to increase their understanding of modeling, simulation, and analysis at the nanoscale. Explains the major simulation models and numerical techniques used for predicting nanoscale transport phenomena Provides MATLAB codes for most of the numerical simulation and Python codes for machine learning calculations Uses examples and results to illustrate each model type to the reader Assesses major application areas for each model type
Multifunctional nanomedicine holds considerable promise as the next generation of medicine that allows for targeted therapy with minimal toxicity. To evaluate the delivery efficiency of Nanoparticles (NPs), it is important to study their transport, binding and distribution in blood flow. For blood flow in capillaries, arterioles and venules, the particulate nature of the blood and physiological conditions needs to be considered in the delivery process. The existence of the cell-free-layer, NP-cell interaction, particle shape and vessel geometry will largely influence the dispersion, binding rates and distribution, thus impact targeted delivery efficacy. In this thesis, a particle-cell hybrid model is developed to model NP transport, dispersion, and binding dynamics in blood suspension. The motion and deformation of red blood cells is captured through the Immersed Finite Element Method. The motion and adhesion of individual NPs are tracked through Brownian adhesion dynamics. The influence of red blood cells, vascular flow rate, particle size, shape and vessel geometry effect on NP distribution and delivery efficacy is characterized. With red blood cells, a non-uniform NP distribution profile with higher particle concentration near the vessel wall is observed, which leads to over 50% higher particle binding rate compared to the case without red blood cell. The tumbling motion of red blood cells in the core region of the capillary is found to enhance NP dispersion, and dispersion rate increases with shear rate. The simulation results also indicate that NPs with smaller size and rod shape have higher binding rates. The binding dynamics of rod-shaped NPs is found to be dependent on their initial contact points and orientations to the wall. Moreover, it is found that Peclet number plays an important role in determining the fraction of NPs deposited in the branched region and the straight section. Simulation results also indicate that NP binding rate decreases with increased shear rate. Dynamic NP re-distribution from low to high shear rates is observed due to the non-uniform shear stress distribution over the branched channel. Results from this study contribute to the fundamental understanding and knowledge on how the particulate nature of blood, size, shape and vessel geometry influences NP delivery and distribution, which will provide mechanistic insights on the nanomedicine design for targeted drug delivery applications.
The human nasal cavities, each with an effective length of only 10cm, feature a wide array of basic flow phenomena due to their complex geometries. Dependent on such airflow fields are the transport and deposition of micro- and nano- particles in the human nasal cavities, of interest to engineers, scientists, air-pollution regulators, and healthcare officials. By utilizing advanced CAD and reverse engineering skills, a realistic model of the human nasal cavity was constructed from MRI image data for 3-D computer simulations. Assuming laminar quasi-steady airflow, dilute micro- and nano-particle suspension flows and local deposition efficiencies were analyzed for 7.5
The first book offering a global overview of fundamental microfluidics and the wide range of possible applications, for example, in chemistry, biology, and biomedical science. As such, it summarizes recent progress in microfluidics, including its origin and development, the theoretical fundamentals, and fabrication techniques for microfluidic devices. The book also comprehensively covers the fluid mechanics, physics and chemistry as well as applications in such different fields as detection and synthesis of inorganic and organic materials. A useful reference for non-specialists and a basic guideline for research scientists and technicians already active in this field or intending to work in microfluidics.
Studies of underground miners have provided a wealth of data about the risk of lung cancer from exposure to radon's progeny elements, but the application of the miner data to the home environment is not straightforward. In Comparative Dosimetry of Radon in Mines and Homes, an expert committee uses a new dosimetric model to extrapolate to the home environment the risk relationships found in the miner studies. Important new scaling factors are developed for applying risk estimates based on miner data to men, women, and children in domestic environments. The book includes discussions of radon dosimetry and the uncertainties concerning other risk factors such as age and smoking habits. The book also contains a thorough technical discussion of the characteristics of radioactive aerosols in domestic environments, the dose of inhaled radon progeny to different age groups, identification of respiratory tract cells at the greatest risk of carcinogenesis, and a complete description of the new lung dose model being developed by the International Commission on Radiological Protection as modified by this committee.
Written by an expanded team of leading international scientists, the second edition thoroughly investigates research and therapies for managing adverse physiological effects of air-borne particles on the respiratory tract. The book examines the lung as the gateway for particle damage to organs outside the respiratory system and provide the informat
In recent years, the fabrication of nanomaterials and exploration of their properties have attracted the attention of various scientific disciplines such as biology, physics, chemistry, and engineering. Although nanoparticulate systems are of significant interest in various scientific and technological areas, there is little known about the safety of these nanoscale objects. It has now been established that the surfaces of nanoparticles are immediately covered by biomolecules (e.g. proteins, ions, and enzymes) upon their entrance into a biological medium. This interaction with the biological medium modulates the surface of the nanoparticles, conferring a “biological identity” to their surfaces (referred to as a “corona”), which determines the subsequent cellular/tissue responses. The new interface between the nanoparticles and the biological medium/proteins, called “bio-nano interface,” has been very rarely studied in detail to date, though the interest in this topic is rapidly growing. In this book, the importance of the physiochemical characteristics of nanoparticles for the properties of the protein corona is discussed in detail, followed by comprehensive descriptions of the methods for assessing the protein-nanoparticle interactions. The advantages and limitations of available corona evaluation methods (e.g. spectroscopy methods, mass spectrometry, nuclear magnetic resonance, electron microscopy, X-ray crystallography, and differential centrifugal sedimentation) are examined in detail, followed by a discussion of the possibilities for enhancing the current methods and a call for new techniques. Moreover, the advantages and disadvantages of protein-nanoparticle interaction phenomena are explored and discussed, with a focus on the biological impacts.
Nanoparticle technology, which handles the preparation, processing, application and characterisation of nanoparticles, is a new and revolutionary technology. It becomes the core of nanotechnology as an extension of the conventional Fine Particle / Powder Technology. Nanoparticle technology plays an important role in the implementation of nanotechnology in many engineering and industrial fields including electronic devices, advanced ceramics, new batteries, engineered catalysts, functional paint and ink, Drug Delivery System, biotechnology, etc.; and makes use of the unique properties of the nanoparticles which are completely different from those of the bulk materials. This new handbook is the first to explain complete aspects of nanoparticles with many application examples showing their advantages and advanced development. There are handbooks which briefly mention the nanosized particles or their related applications, but no handbook describing the complete aspects of nanoparticles has been published so far. The handbook elucidates of the basic properties of nanoparticles and various nanostructural materials with their characterisation methods in the first part. It also introduces more than 40 examples of practical and potential uses of nanoparticles in the later part dealing with applications. It is intended to give readers a clear picture of nanoparticles as well as new ideas or hints on their applications to create new materials or to improve the performance of the advanced functional materials developed with the nanoparticles. * Introduces all aspects of nanoparticle technology, from the fundamentals to applications. * Includes basic information on the preparation through to the characterization of nanoparticles from various viewpoints * Includes information on nanostructures, which play an important role in practical applications.
Improved targeting of abnormal cells and tissue in the radiotherapy of cancer has been a long-standing goal of researchers. The central purpose in Nanoparticle-Enhanced Radiotherapy (NPRT) is to more precisely control where the radiation dose is delivered, desirably with subcellular precision, provided we can find a method to bring the nanoparticles to target and control their concentration and size distribution. The contents within this book will cover the rationale and fundamental principles of NPRT, optimal nanoparticle sizes, concentrations, design and fabrication, effective nanoparticle delivery methods, emerging clinical applications of NRT modalities, treatment planning and quality assurance and the potential of NPRT in global health. This volume will serve as a resource for researchers, educators and industry, and as a practical guide or comprehensive reference for students, research trainees and others working in cancer nanomedicine. Part of IOP Series in Global Health and Radiation Oncology.