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CIGS thin-film solar cell; Mechanical scribing; Scribing needle; Chip area; Scribe width; Maximum scribing force; Finite element simulation; Tensile stresses; Buckling; Delamination; Crack path
This Spotlight describes the methods used for the optical characterization and design of thin-film solar cells. A description of the cells under study (CdTe, CIGS, CZTS, Perovskite, and organic) is given, followed by coupling experimental and simulation studies in order to improve solar cell performances. A detailed discussion on specific optical tools (ellipsometry, photoluminescence and photoreflectance) is included, and a link between materials and measurements is made by studying the relevant physical principles. Finally, a numerical model is provided that can be used to design the structure of a thin-film solar cell.
This Spotlight describes the methods used for the optical characterization and design of thin-film solar cells. A description of the cells under study (CdTe, CIGS, CZTS, Perovskite, and organic) is given, followed by coupling experimental and simulation studies in order to improve solar cell performances. A detailed discussion on specific optical tools (ellipsometry, photoluminescence and photoreflectance) is included, and a link between materials and measurements is made by studying the relevant physical principles. Finally, a numerical model is provided that can be used to design the structure of a thin-film solar cell.
Scientists and engineers in academic and industrial research experience a strong evolving discipline: Computational Materials Science. This discipline provides materials insights that are not readily achievable by experiments, and it offers the opportunity to design materials and composites “ab-initio”. This book presents the methods and the practical use of Computational Materials Science using two distinct examples: the development of optimized or alternative materials for CIGS (Copper-Indium-Gallium-di-Selenide) photovoltaics and the optimization of CIGS thin film solar cells for maximum efficiency. After a general introduction the theoretical background of the book is illustrated: The strategies and principles of High Performance Computing (HPC) for materials science are covered and rounded out by a number of examples for highly parallel computing. Next theory and working principles of solar cells are depicted with emphasis on CIGS. Finally the theory of the quantum mechanical simulations (Density Functional Theory, Monte Carlo simulations for canonical and grand-canonical ensembles, cluster expansions) and the software used for these purposes are presented. In the practical section of the book the simulation work for the various functional layers of the CIGS cell is described in detail: After general electronic structure calculations for the CIGS photo absorber light is shed on the role of the Indium/Gallium distribution as well as on the influence of vacancies in chalcopyrite structures. Base requirements for the buffer layer are defined and simulation results from a search for alternative (Cadmium-free) buffer compounds are presented. Experimental results for synthesized replacement materials complete this part of the work. The optimization of the system transparent conductive oxide (TCO) / contact grid for maximum overall cell efficiency is described. The charge transport through TCO/grid is modelled by a Finite Element Method and cell efficiencies are calculated considering ohmic as well as optical losses. The last section of the book outlines the simulation results implications on the optimization of thin film cell processing. Special emphasis is placed on the influence of process temperatures on film homogeneity and cell efficiency as well as on the requirements for substrate selection. The calculations are validated by experimental results.
Thin-film solar cells are either emerging or about to emerge from the research laboratory to become commercially available devices finding practical various applications. Currently no textbook outlining the basic theoretical background, methods of fabrication and applications currently exist. Thus, this book aims to present for the first time an in-depth overview of this topic covering a broad range of thin-film solar cell technologies including both organic and inorganic materials, presented in a systematic fashion, by the scientific leaders in the respective domains. It covers a broad range of related topics, from physical principles to design, fabrication, characterization, and applications of novel photovoltaic devices.
The most comprehensive, authoritative and widely cited reference on photovoltaic solar energy Fully revised and updated, the Handbook of Photovoltaic Science and Engineering, Second Edition incorporates the substantial technological advances and research developments in photovoltaics since its previous release. All topics relating to the photovoltaic (PV) industry are discussed with contributions by distinguished international experts in the field. Significant new coverage includes: three completely new chapters and six chapters with new authors device structures, processing, and manufacturing options for the three major thin film PV technologies high performance approaches for multijunction, concentrator, and space applications new types of organic polymer and dye-sensitized solar cells economic analysis of various policy options to stimulate PV growth including effect of public and private investment Detailed treatment covers: scientific basis of the photovoltaic effect and solar cell operation the production of solar silicon and of silicon-based solar cells and modules how choice of semiconductor materials and their production influence costs and performance making measurements on solar cells and modules and how to relate results under standardised test conditions to real outdoor performance photovoltaic system installation and operation of components such as inverters and batteries. architectural applications of building-integrated PV Each chapter is structured to be partially accessible to beginners while providing detailed information of the physics and technology for experts. Encompassing a review of past work and the fundamentals in solar electric science, this is a leading reference and invaluable resource for all practitioners, consultants, researchers and students in the PV industry.
With the decline in the world's natural resources, the need for new and cheaper energy sources is evolving. One such source is the sun which generates heat and light which can be harnessed and used to our advantage. This reference book introduces the topic of photovoltaics in the form of flexible solar cells. There are explanations of the principles behind this technology, the engineering required to produce these products and the future possibilities offered by this technology. The chemistry and physics of the cells (both organic and inorganic) are clarified as well as production methods, with information how this can then be applied to the nanoscale as well. A complete guide to this new and exciting way of producing energy which will be invaluable to a variety of people from material scientists, chemists, electrical engineers, to management consultants and politicians.
scientific and engineering technical conference covering all aspects of photovoltaics materials, devices, systems and reliability