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This book describes the state of the art in the application of NMR spectroscopy to metabolomics and will be a key title for researchers and practitioners.
The metabolomics approach, defined as the study of all endogenously-produced low-molecular-weight compounds, appeared as a promising strategy to define new cancer biomarkers. Information obtained from metabolomic data can help to highlight disrupted cellular pathways and, consequently, contribute to the development of new-targeted therapies and the optimization of therapeutics. Therefore, metabolomic research may be more clinically translatable than other omics approaches, since metabolites are closely related to the phenotype and the metabolome is sensitive to many factors. Metabolomics seems promising to identify key metabolic pathways characterizing features of pathological and physiological states. Thus, knowing that tumor metabolism markedly differs from the metabolism of normal cells, the use of metabolomics is ideally suited for biomarker research. Some works have already focused on the application of metabolomic approaches to different cancers, namely lung, breast and liver, using urine, exhaled breath and blood. In this Special Issue we contribute to a more complete understanding of cancer disease using metabolomics approaches.
Nobody can know everything. For the successful application of techniques based on nuclear magnetic resonance to clinical problems, it is a vital necessity that individuals with widely different skills should learn a little of each others' trades by co-operation and communication. Ernest Cady has long proved himself a master of these arts to his colleagues at University College London, and by writing this excellent book he extends his experience to a wide circle of readers. Although the nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) phenomenon had been predicted theoretically (and to some degree demonstrated experimentally) appreciably earlier, it required the advances in electronics that took place during World War II to turn NMR into a practical technique, as demonstrated independently in 1946 by Bloch and Purcell. Since then, NMR has been used extensively and increasingly by chemists and physicists. In the 1970s the first applications of NMR to animal organs yielded important advances in our knowledge of the biochemical and physiological processes as they occur in genuinely intact tissues. They showed incidentally that some conventional techniques introduce significant artifacts.
The XIV International Symposium on Brain Edema and Brain Tissue Injury took place in Warsaw, Poland, on 11–14 June 2008. Two prominent members of the International Society for Brain Edema: Dr. Igor Klatzo and Dr. Julien Hoff have passed away after the last 2005 Symposium in Ann Arbor, USA. Dr. Igor Klatzo was actually the founder of the Society, and the Advisory Board decided to commemorate Dr. Igor Klatzo by introducing a lecture named after him to be given at the Symposium. Prof. Dr. Hans-Jürgen Reulen has been honored to give the frst Igor Klatzo lecture entitled “Bulk Flow and Diffusion revisited, and Clinical Applications”. This volume contains 65 out of the 104 papers presented at the Symposium as lectures or posters. The topics of the Symposium were similar to those discussed at the previous ones. Many discussions focused on clinical work especially diagnosis, subarachnoid hemorrhage, hydrocephalus, and traumatic brain injury. Diagnosis and therapy, including surgical methods, have also been verifed. Much attention was drawn to the application of decompressive craniectomy in the treatment of posttr- matic intracranial hypertension. The pathomechanisms of brain edema and tissue injury studied in experimental models have been also presented.
Even the earliest applications of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and tomography to medical inquiries, using experimental apparatus that was primitive by today's standards, demonstrated the extraordinary potential of the NMR method. The subsequent rapid advances in this area were due largely to the ef forts of commercial manufacturers, who, by improving magnet and computer designs, were able to produce and market instruments having a remarkable image quality. Experimental data from the ftrst systematic studies on the medical uses of NMR leave little doubt that NMR will gain a permanent place in clinical diagnosis. The clinician, then, is confronted with an entirely new diagnostic modality. Because NMR has been used extensively in chemistry and physics for years, a great many textbooks are already available on the subject. However, the majority of these have been written for the natural scientist who is well versed in mathematics and physics. Assumptions are made and terms are used that would not be appro priate for a medical or biochemical text. The goal of this introduc tion, therefore, is to discuss the principles of the NMR technique in terms that are meaningful to the medical student and medical pro fessional.