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Presents a history of the agency, from its inception in 1945, to its role in the Cold War, to its controversial advisory position at the time of the Bush administration's search for weapons of mass destruction in Iraq, shortly before the invasion of 2003.
This important compilation of NSA publications and documents provides truly unique insights into the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor which led to American involvement in World War II. As a bonus, we've included our new intelligence title, 2015 U.S. Intelligence Community Worldwide Threat Assessment. Three documents are featured: United States Cryptologic History: Pearl Harbor Revisited: U.S. Navy Communications Intelligence 1924-1941, West Wind Clear: Cryptology and the Winds Message Controversy - A Documentary History, and NSA Pearl Harbor Reviews.United States Cryptologic History: Pearl Harbor Revisited: U.S. Navy Communications Intelligence 1924-1941: Foreword * Introduction * Earliest Efforts * Role of ONI * Early War Plans * Japanese Fleet Capabilities and Intentions * Cryptologic Challenge: Navy-Army Cooperation * Bureaucracy Prevails * Status Quo in the Pacific * A New Attempt at Cooperation * Japanese Cryptography * Recovering the "Blue Book" * Introducing JN-25 * Turning Victory into Defeat * Introducing "Purple" * Disarmament: Paying the Price * Confusing Diplomacy * Struggling for Resources * Planning for War * War Games * Pacific Buildup * National Emergency * Circumstances Favor Diplomatic Targets * Information Gaps * Cooperation with Allies * The Move to Hawaii * Support to the Pacific Fleet * Japanese Intentions Revealed * Support to Asiatic Fleet * Japanese Strategy * Japanese Navy * Diplomatic Messages * Warning Messages * Reaction * COMINT after the Opening Attack * Conclusion * Appendix A: Naval Messages Intercepted between 5 September and 4 December 1941 * Appendix B: Summary of Diplomatic Messages July-November 1941 * Appendix C: Highlights from COM-14 Daily COMINT Summary * Notes * Abbreviations Used * Notes on Sources BibliographyWest Wind Clear: Cryptology and the Winds Message Controversy - A Documentary History: Chapter 1: Background: Interwar U.S. - Japan Relations and Cryptology * United States-Japan Relations, 1919-1940 * (Japanese Diplomatic and Naval Cryptology and American Codebreaking between the Wars) * United States - Japan Relations Worsen, 1940-1941 * Chapter 2: Intercepted Japanese Diplomatic Messages Reveal a Warning System, 19 November-28 November 1941 * The Cryptography of the J-19 System * Japan Fields a New Diplomatic Manual Cryptographic System * The Americans Solve the New Manual System November 19: Japanese Message #2353 - The First Winds Instruction Message * November 19: Japanese Message #2354 - The Second Winds Instruction Message * Chapter 3: The Hunt for the Winds Execute Message, 28 November -- 7 December 1941 * The Search Begins -- 28 November 1941 * Tokyo Sends More Instructions about Destroying Cryptographic Material * The Hidden Word Message -- A Complement to the Winds Messages * Tokyo Sends Even More Instructions, 28 November-6 December * 7 December 1941: The Hidden Word Message Is Sent * 7 December 1941: The Winds Execute Message Is Sent * Chapter 4: The Winds Controversy: Myth and Reality * Captain Laurance Safford -- In the Eye of the Controversy * Safford Searches for the Missing Winds Execute Message * Safford's Detailed Claim about the Winds Execute Message -- February 1946 * Examining Safford's Version(s) of Events * The Intercept of the Winds Execute Message * Actions Taken in the Aftermath of the Winds Execute Message * Who Saw the Winds Execute Intercept or Translation? * The Matter of Missing or Destroyed Records * Some Observations on Captain Laurance Safford * The Case of Captain Alwin Kramer's Changing Testimony * What the Japanese Said about the Winds Execute Message * What the British and Dutch Radio Monitors Heard * The Winds Controversy Resurfaces -- Ralph Briggs' Claim * The Winds Execute: The Final Casting * Afterword: The Winds Message, American Cryptology and History * The Impact and Intelligence Value of the Winds Messages
Three important NSA publications provide unique information about cryptology and radio intelligence used in the fight against rumrunners during Prohibition, and African-American cryptologists. Contents: Listening to the Rumrunners: Radio Intelligence during Prohibition; Cryptology, Elizebeth Friedman and the United States Coast Guard Thwart the Rumrunners; The Invisible Cryptologists: African-Americans, World War II to 1956. Listening to the Rumrunners - Most Americans are aware of the era of lawlessness in this country that began with the passage of the Eighteenth Amendment to the Constitution in 1919. The institution of Prohibition brought with it major law enforcement problems, whose effects continue to be felt today. Few people, however, are aware of the major role played by communications intelligence in the enforcement of the Prohibition laws. The files of the United States Coast Guard (USCG) and the Federal Communications Commission (FCC), including the files of the Radio Division of the Department of Commerce, show that radio was used on a large scale in connection with rum-running activities. The radio operations of the rum-running organizations were, in fact, comparable in size, technical skill, and organization with the radio operation that would be conducted by enemy agents in World War II. Cryptology, Elizebeth Friedman and the United States Coast Guard Thwart the Rumrunners - On land, the task of enforcing Prohibition fell to several federal agencies, but on the high seas, the responsibility belonged to the United States Coast Guard (USCG). This new responsibility would severely tax the Coast Guard's resources. They would have to police 12,000 miles of U.S. coastline with a total of 4,140 personnel and 75 vessels, the majority of which were not designed for law enforcement operations. Despite the difficulties presented by the mission, the Coast Guard accepted the challenge. The service's attitude was best expressed in a 25 April 1924 letter by RADM Frederick C. Billard, the USCG Commandant at the time, "The Coast Guard.. .will not fail in its performance of this... task. You men are the last line of defense..." However, in order to prevail in this effort they would need ingenuity, perseverance, and "a new kind of detective work," namely the art and science of cryptology. The Invisible Cryptologists: African-Americans - During research on the early days of NSA, historians at the Center for Cryptologic History (CCH) learned of the employment of African-Americans at the Agency in the period after World War II. Occasionally, in informal conversations with former NSA seniors, the subject of minority history would come up, and CCH historians collected anecdotes about segregated offices in the early days. It became apparent that the employment of African-Americans came even earlier than previously thought. No information, however, confirmed any contribution by African-Americans during the world war. In early 1996, the History Center received as a donation a book of rather monotonous photographs of civilian employees at one of NSA's predecessors receiving citations for important contributions. Out of several hundred photographs, only two included African-Americans - an employee receiving an award from Colonel Preston Corderman and the same employee posing with his family. Although undated, the matrix of the photograph indicated it had been taken in 1945 or early 1946. This made it likely the person was receiving an award for wartime contributions. It therefore became a high priority in the History Center to investigate the story behind this photograph and learn the truth behind the unconnected anecdotes about African-Americans in the early days of the cryptologic organization.
The National Security Agency is the world’s most powerful, most far-reaching espionage. Now with a new afterword describing the security lapses that preceded the attacks of September 11, 2001, Body of Secrets takes us to the inner sanctum of America’s spy world. In the follow-up to his bestselling Puzzle Palace, James Banford reveals the NSA’s hidden role in the most volatile world events of the past, and its desperate scramble to meet the frightening challenges of today and tomorrow. Here is a scrupulously documented account—much of which is based on unprecedented access to previously undisclosed documents—of the agency’s tireless hunt for intelligence on enemies and allies alike. Body of secrets is a riveting analysis of this most clandestine of agencies, a major work of history and investigative journalism. A New York Times Notable Book
This important NSA publication describes the elements of traffic analysis (T/A) and explains how T/A has been used for several purposes including to produce intelligence information, to aid cryptanalysis, and to support the collection of additional data. It then presents examples of intelligence contributions made by T/A during World War I, World War II, and the Cold War, including the Korean War and the Vietnam War. Signals intelligence (SIGINT) is a major segment of the intelligence discipline, and communications intelligence (COMINT) is a subset of SIGINT. In turn, T/A is a significant part of COMINT while also useful in other aspects of SIGINT. This document defines and explains traffic analysis when used in this context, as part of the broader discipline of signals intelligence. The word traffic to a communicator or cryptologist referred to communications passed between a sender and an intended recipient. Thus, the study of traffic by unintended recipients was called traffic analysis. T/A has been the study of "external" features of target communications. It also can be used against non-communications electronic emissions and telemetry signals. It examined all aspects of communications transmissions excluding code or cipher message content, which was the purview of cryptanalysis (C/A). Traffic analysts studied signals' characteristics, including radio frequency usage, callsigns, (a series of letters and/or numbers assigned to a specific radio station), transmission schedules, locations of transmitters, the routings and volumes of message traffic, informal "chatter" between the targets' radio operators and the unique characteristics exhibited by manual Morse operators, referred to as their "fists." T/A and C/A historically have been the major technical approaches to COMINT, and information derived from traffic analysis and cryptanalysis can be combined to gain knowledge about the senders and receivers. This knowledge was provided to customers in "end-product" reports. The Elements of Traffic Analysis - Historically, the elements of communications subject to traffic analysis were among the following: Callsigns - Usually a brief series of letters and/or numbers assigned to a specific radio station by a government authority. The radio operator transmitted a callsign to identify the station when making contact with other radio stations. Some callsigns were permanent, while others changed periodically according to a pre-arranged plan to confuse monitoring by unintended listeners. If the unintended listeners (COMINT units) solved the system by which the callsigns were generated and/or assigned, they could then predict the new callsigns used by individual radio stations following the periodic changes.
"The story of German 'code-breaking' successes and radio-espionage during and between the world wars"--Cover.
What happens when the history books are wrong? The United States Government wants you to not question the narrative that, in some cases, has been written by them for more than a century. But sometimes, real facts emerge from declassified documents that challenge what you thought you knew. This book dissects some of the most amazing declassified documents that have changed the history of the world and our perception of it. With each turn of the page, Secrets from The Black Vault reveals declassified programs and formerly top secret illustrations that detail an Air Force’s secret plan to build a Mach 4 flying saucer; the Department of Defense’s plan to detonate a nuclear bomb on the surface of the moon; the use of psychic spies within the CIA; how an unidentified object almost sparked World War III; and much more. Declassified documents within The Black Vault play a crucial role in understanding the inner workings of America’s top secret agendas.
Fighting for balance / Avril Haines -- Crafting a new compact in the public interest : protecting the national security in an era of leaks / Keith B. Alexander and Jamil N. Jaffer -- Leaks of classified information : lessons learned from a lifetime on the inside/ Michael Morell -- Reform and renewal : lessons from Snowden and the 215 program / Lisa O. Monaco -- Government needs to get its own house in order / Richard A. Clarke -- Behind the scenes with the Snowden files : "how the Washington Post and national security officials dealt with conflicts over government secrecy" / Ellen Nakashima -- Let's be practical : a narrow post-publication leak law would better protect the press / Stephen J. Adler and Bruce D. Brown -- What we owe whistleblowers / Jameel Jaffer -- The long, (futile?) Fight for a federal shield law / Judith Miller -- Covering the cyberwars : the press vs the government in a new age of global conflict / David Sanger -- Outlawing leaks / David A. Strauss -- The growth of press freedoms in the United States since 9/11 / Jack Goldsmith -- Edward Snowden, Donald Trump, and the paradox of national security whistleblowing / Allison Stanger -- Information is power : exploring a constitutional right of access / Mary-Rose Papandrea -- Who said what to whom / Cass R. Sunstein -- Leaks in the age of Trump / Louis Michael Seidman the report of the commission, Lee C. Bollinger, Eric Holder, John O. Brennan, Ann Marie Lipinski, Kathleen Carroll, Geoffrey R. Stone, Stephen W. Coll -- Closing statement / Lee C. Bollinger and Geoffrey R. Stone.
In Code Warriors, Stephen Budiansky--a longtime expert in cryptology--tells the fascinating story of how NSA came to be, from its roots in World War II through the fall of the Berlin Wall. Along the way, he guides us through the fascinating challenges faced by cryptanalysts, and how they broke some of the most complicated codes of the twentieth century. With access to new documents, Budiansky shows where the agency succeeded and failed during the Cold War, but his account also offers crucial perspective for assessing NSA today in the wake of the Edward Snowden revelations. Budiansky shows how NSA's obsession with recording every bit of data and decoding every signal is far from a new development; throughout its history the depth and breadth of the agency's reach has resulted in both remarkable successes and destructive failures.
A NEW YORK TIMES BESTSELLER The thrilling, true-life account of the FBI’s hunt for the ingenious traitor Brian Regan—known as the Spy Who Couldn’t Spell. Before Edward Snowden’s infamous data breach, the largest theft of government secrets was committed by an ingenious traitor whose intricate espionage scheme and complex system of coded messages were made even more baffling by his dyslexia. His name is Brian Regan, but he came to be known as The Spy Who Couldn’t Spell. In December of 2000, FBI Special Agent Steven Carr of the bureau’s Washington, D.C., office received a package from FBI New York: a series of coded letters from an anonymous sender to the Libyan consulate, offering to sell classified United States intelligence. The offer, and the threat, were all too real. A self-proclaimed CIA analyst with top secret clearance had information about U.S. reconnaissance satellites, air defense systems, weapons depots, munitions factories, and underground bunkers throughout the Middle East. Rooting out the traitor would not be easy, but certain clues suggested a government agent with a military background, a family, and a dire need for money. Leading a diligent team of investigators and code breakers, Carr spent years hunting down a dangerous spy and his cache of stolen secrets. In this fast-paced true-life spy thriller, Yudhijit Bhattacharjee reveals how the FBI unraveled Regan’s strange web of codes to build a case against a man who nearly collapsed America's military security. INCLUDES PHOTOGRAPHS