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Abstract: Trichloroethylene (TCE) is one of the most common groundwater pollutants in the United States and is a suspected carcinogen. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) estimated that between 9% and 34% of the drinking water sources in the United States may contain TCE, and have set a maximum contaminant level of 5 [mu]g/L for drinking water. Traditional treatment technologies such as granular activated carbon and air stripping have only had marginal success at removing TCE from contaminated sites. Chemical oxidation processes have provided a promising alternative to traditional treatment methods. The objective of this research was to examine the conditions under which zero valent iron (Fe0) activates persulfate anions to produce sulfate free radicals, a powerful oxidant used for destroying organic contaminants in water. With batch experiments, it was found that persulfate activated by zero valent iron removed TCE more effectively than persulfate oxidation activated by ferrous iron. This laboratory study also investigated the influence of pH (from 2 to 10) on TCE removal. TCE was prepared in purified water and a fixed persulfate/TCE molar ratio was employed in all tests. The results indicated that this reaction occurred over a wide range of pH values. The production and destruction of daughter products cis 1,2 dichloroethylene and vinyl chloride were observed. The effect of persulfate dose on this reaction was also studied. Results showed that a molar ratio of 10/1/1 (persulfate/ZVI/TCE) yielded over 95 percent TCE destruction. Increasing the persulfate dose resulted in greater TCE destruction as well as destruction of the daughter products. Kinetic experiments at a molar ratio of 10/1/1 (persulfate/ZVI/TCE) show that approximately 90 percent of the TCE was destroyed in less than 15 minutes.
The objective of this study is to develop a novel catalytic chemical oxidation process that can be used to effectively treat multi-component wastes with a minimum of pretreatment characterization, thus providing a versatile, non-combustion method which will destroy hazardous organic compounds while simultaneously containing and concentrating toxic and radioactive metals for recovery or disposal in a readily stabilized matrix. Although the DETOX{sup SM} process had been tested to a limited extent for potential application to mixed wastes, there had not been sufficient experience with the process to determine its range of application to multicomponent waste forms. The potential applications of the process needed to be better identified. Then, the process needed to be demonstrated on wastes and remediate types on a practical scale in order that data could be obtained on application range, equipment size, capital and operating costs, effectiveness, safety, reliability, permittability, and potential commercial applications of the process. The approach for the project was, therefore, to identify the potential range of applications of the process (Phase I), to choose demonstration sites and design a demonstration prototype (Phase II), to fabricate and shakedown the demonstration unit (Phase III), then finally to demonstrate the process on surrogate hazardous and mixed wastes, and on actual mixed wastes (Phase IV).
Advanced Oxidation Processes for Waste Water Treatment: Emerging Green Chemical Technology is a complete resource covering the fundamentals and applications of all Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs). This book presents the most up-to-date research on AOPs and makes the argument that AOPs offer an eco-friendly method of wastewater treatment. In addition to an overview of the fundamentals and applications, it details the reactive species involved, along with sections on reactor designs, thus helping readers understand and implement these methods. Presents in-depth coverage of all types of Advanced Oxidation Processes, including Super Critical Water Oxidation, Photo-Fenton and Like Processes Includes a fundamental review, applications, reactive species and reactor designs Reviews applications across waste types, including industrial waste, domestic and municipal sewage, and hospital wastes
Combustion Synthesis covers a wide range of technologies to produce advanced materials, ranging from oxides, nitrides and intermetallics to various nanostructured compounds, such as nanopowders and carbon nano tubes (CNT). This Ebook, with contributions from leading experts in industry and academia, provides an up-to-date overview about combustion synthesis. a comparison to conventional methods as well as a description of analytical techniques is given, alongside the description of special techniques, such as microwave or electrical field assistance. Aspects such as historic development and scale-up make this book a concise, yet comprehensive review about combustion synthesis. This book should be useful for scientists, engineers and practitioners working in materials science and related fields.
The suitability of Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs) for pollutant degradation was recognised in the early 1970s and much research and development work has been undertaken to commercialise some of these processes. AOPs have shown great potential in treating pollutants at both low and high concentrations and have found applications as diverse as ground water treatment, municipal wastewater sludge destruction and VOCs control. Advanced Oxidation Processes for Water and Wastewater Treatment is an overview of the advanced oxidation processes currently used or proposed for the remediation of water, wastewater, odours and sludge. The book contains two opening chapters which present introductions to advanced oxidation processes and a background to UV photolysis, seven chapters focusing on individual advanced oxidation processes and, finally, three chapters concentrating on selected applications of advanced oxidation processes. Advanced Oxidation Processes for Water and Wastewater Treatment will be invaluable to readers interested in water and wastewater treatment processes, including professionals and suppliers, as well as students and academics studying in this area. Dr Simon Parsons is a Senior Lecturer in Water Sciences at Cranfield University with ten years' experience of industrial and academic research and development.
A catalytic wet oxidation process which uses an acidic iron solution to oxidize organic compounds to carbon dioxide, water, and other simple products, was investigated as a potential method for the treatment of multicomponent hazardous and mixed wastes.