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2. Piecewise Linear Modeling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 2. 1 Model Representation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 2. 2 Solution Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2. 3 Uncertainty Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2. 4 Modularity and Interconnections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 2. 5 Piecewise Linear Function Representations . . . . . . . . . 28 2. 6 Comments and References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 3. Structural Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 3. 1 Equilibrium Points and the Steady State Characteristic . . 32 3. 2 Constraint Verification and Invariance . . . . . . . . . . . 35 3. 3 Detecting Attractive Sliding Modes on Cell Boundaries 37 3. 4 Comments and References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 4. Lyapunov Stability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 4. 1 Exponential Stability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 4. 2 Quadratic Stability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 4. 3 Conservatism of Quadratic Stability . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 4. 4 From Quadratic to Piecewise Quadratic . . . . . . . . . . . 48 4. 5 Interlude: Describing Partition Properties . . . . . . . . . 51 4. 6 Piecewise Quadratic Lyapunov Functions . . . . . . . . . 55 4. 7 Analysis of Piecewise Linear Differential Inclusions . . . . 61 4. 8 Analysis of Systems with Attractive Sliding Modes . . . . 63 4. 9 Improving Computational Efficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 4. 10 Piecewise Linear Lyapunov Functions . . . . . . . . . . . 72 4. 11 A Unifying View . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 4. 12 Comments and References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 5. Dissipativity Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 5. 1 Dissipativity Analysis via Convex Optimization . . . . . . 86 21 14 Contents Contents 5. 2 Computation of £2 induced Gain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 5. 3 Estimation of Transient Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 5. 4 Dissipative Systems with Quadratic Supply Rates . . . . . 91 5. 5 Comments and References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 Controller Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 6. 1 Quadratic Stabilization of Piecewise Linear" Systems . . . 97 6. 2 Controller Synthesis based on Piecewise Quadratics . . . 98 6. 3 Comments and References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 7. Selected Topics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 7. 1 Estimation of Regions of Attraction . . . . . . . . . . . . .
These notes illustrate the basic elements for analysis and design of linear control systems. With 15 chapters and an appendix of 4 sections the notes start from the notion of mathematical model (system), explaining its important role in the study of a phenomenon and how linear models can arise in practice. Through the time and Laplace analysis the behaviour of a linear model is studied in detail.The basic notions of stability, steady-state and transient response and structural properties give a deep insight in the study of the behavior of an abstract model.In this first part of the notes, the emphasis has been put on the analysis of the properties of a linear system. In the second part of these notes the basic model interconnections are studied, in particular the feedback interconnection and its importance in the design of control systems. Different design methodologies (dynamics assignment, root locus, tracking and disturbance compensation) are illustrated in detail with the support of useful criteria (Nyquist criterion, Routh table) and mathematical tools. In the appendix the necessary mathematical tools are reviewed. The arguments are supported by many examples and figures.
Introduction to Linear Control Systems is designed as a standard introduction to linear control systems for all those who one way or another deal with control systems. It can be used as a comprehensive up-to-date textbook for a one-semester 3-credit undergraduate course on linear control systems as the first course on this topic at university. This includes the faculties of electrical engineering, mechanical engineering, aerospace engineering, chemical and petroleum engineering, industrial engineering, civil engineering, bio-engineering, economics, mathematics, physics, management and social sciences, etc. The book covers foundations of linear control systems, their raison detre, different types, modelling, representations, computations, stability concepts, tools for time-domain and frequency-domain analysis and synthesis, and fundamental limitations, with an emphasis on frequency-domain methods. Every chapter includes a part on further readings where more advanced topics and pertinent references are introduced for further studies. The presentation is theoretically firm, contemporary, and self-contained. Appendices cover Laplace transform and differential equations, dynamics, MATLAB and SIMULINK, treatise on stability concepts and tools, treatise on Routh-Hurwitz method, random optimization techniques as well as convex and non-convex problems, and sample midterm and endterm exams. The book is divided to the sequel 3 parts plus appendices. PART I: In this part of the book, chapters 1-5, we present foundations of linear control systems. This includes: the introduction to control systems, their raison detre, their different types, modelling of control systems, different methods for their representation and fundamental computations, basic stability concepts and tools for both analysis and design, basic time domain analysis and design details, and the root locus as a stability analysis and synthesis tool. PART II: In this part of the book, Chapters 6-9, we present what is generally referred to as the frequency domain methods. This refers to the experiment of applying a sinusoidal input to the system and studying its output. There are basically three different methods for representation and studying of the data of the aforementioned frequency response experiment: these are the Nyquist plot, the Bode diagram, and the Krohn-Manger-Nichols chart. We study these methods in details. We learn that the output is also a sinusoid with the same frequency but generally with different phase and magnitude. By dividing the output by the input we obtain the so-called sinusoidal or frequency transfer function of the system which is the same as the transfer function when the Laplace variable s is substituted with . Finally we use the Bode diagram for the design process. PART III: In this part, Chapter 10, we introduce some miscellaneous advanced topics under the theme fundamental limitations which should be included in this undergraduate course at least in an introductory level. We make bridges between some seemingly disparate aspects of a control system and theoretically complement the previously studied subjects. Appendices: The book contains seven appendices. Appendix A is on the Laplace transform and differential equations. Appendix B is an introduction to dynamics. Appendix C is an introduction to MATLAB, including SIMULINK. Appendix D is a survey on stability concepts and tools. A glossary and road map of the available stability concepts and tests is provided which is missing even in the research literature. Appendix E is a survey on the Routh-Hurwitz method, also missing in the literature. Appendix F is an introduction to random optimization techniques and convex and non-convex problems. Finally, appendix G presents sample midterm and endterm exams, which are class-tested several times.
This book discusses analysis and design techniques for linear feedback control systems using MATLAB® software. By reducing the mathematics, increasing MATLAB working examples, and inserting short scripts and plots within the text, the authors have created a resource suitable for almost any type of user. The book begins with a summary of the properties of linear systems and addresses modeling and model reduction issues. In the subsequent chapters on analysis, the authors introduce time domain, complex plane, and frequency domain techniques. Their coverage of design includes discussions on model-based controller designs, PID controllers, and robust control designs. A unique aspect of the book is its inclusion of a chapter on fractional-order controllers, which are useful in control engineering practice.
This book includes selected contributions by lecturers at the third annual Formation d’Automatique de Paris. It provides a well-integrated synthesis of the latest thinking in nonlinear optimal control, observer design, stability analysis and structural properties of linear systems, without the need for an exhaustive literature review. The internationally known contributors to this volume represent many of the most reputable control centers in Europe.
This monograph is sums up the development of singular system theory and provides the control circle with a systematic theory of the system. It focuses on the analysis and synthesis of singular control systems. Its distinctive features include systematic discussion of controllabilities and observabilities, design of singular or normal observers and compensators with their structural stability, systems analysis via transfer matrix, and studies of discrete-time singular systems. Some acquaintance with linear algebra and linear systems is assumed. Prospective readers are graduate students, scientists, and other researchers in control theory and its applications. Much of the material in the book is new.
An excellent introduction to feedback control system design, this book offers a theoretical approach that captures the essential issues and can be applied to a wide range of practical problems. Its explorations of recent developments in the field emphasize the relationship of new procedures to classical control theory, with a focus on single input and output systems that keeps concepts accessible to students with limited backgrounds. The text is geared toward a single-semester senior course or a graduate-level class for students of electrical engineering. The opening chapters constitute a basic treatment of feedback design. Topics include a detailed formulation of the control design program, the fundamental issue of performance/stability robustness tradeoff, and the graphical design technique of loopshaping. Subsequent chapters extend the discussion of the loopshaping technique and connect it with notions of optimality. Concluding chapters examine controller design via optimization, offering a mathematical approach that is useful for multivariable systems.
The book blends readability and accessibility common to undergraduate control systems texts with the mathematical rigor necessary to form a solid theoretical foundation. Appendices cover linear algebra and provide a Matlab overivew and files. The reviewers pointed out that this is an ambitious project but one that will pay off because of the lack of good up-to-date textbooks in the area.
Spans a broad range of linear system theory concepts, but does so in a complete and sequential style. It is suitable for a first-year graduate or advanced undergraduate course in any field of engineering. State space methods are derived from first principles while drawing on the students' previous understanding of physical and mathematical concepts. The text requires only a knowledge of basic signals and systems theory, but takes the student, in a single semester, all the way through state feedback, observers, Kalman filters, and elementary I.Q.G. control.