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The interaction between Spaniards and North Africans is also significantly influenced by historical relationships and the Spanish desire for individuality and power. I argue that the power exerted on immigrants is presented in the texts that I study in three principal ways: (1) imposed silence, (2) physical manipulation, and (3) labor exploitation. These in turn are linked by the economical and social failure of the immigrants' integration process and the Spaniards' blurred definition of their national and cultural identity. I analyze the construction of this relationship of power based on the codependence created by both groups: the North Africans as the dominated objects that depend on the Spaniards to survive and the Spaniards as the dominant subject whose position is divided between the power they exert on the immigrants and the dependency on the North Africans' submission in order to prevail.
Around the turn of 21st Century, Spain welcomed more than six million foreigners, many of them from various parts of the African continent. How African immigrants represent themselves and are represented in contemporary Spanish texts is the subject of this interdisciplinary collection. Analyzing blogs, films, translations, and literary works by contemporary authors including Donato Ndongo (Ecquatorial Guinea), Abderrahman El Fathi (Morocco), Chus Gutiérrez (Spain), Juan Bonilla (Spain), and Bahia Mahmud Awah (Western Sahara), the contributors interrogate how Spanish cultural texts represent, idealize, or sympathize with the plight of immigrants, as well as the ways in which immigrants themselves represent Spain and Spanish culture. At the same time, these works shed light on issues related to Spain’s racial, ethnic, and sexual boundaries; the appeal of images of Africa in the contemporary marketplace; and the role of Spain’s economic crisis in shaping attitudes towards immigration. Taken together, the essays are a convincing reminder that cultural texts provide a mirror into the perceptions of a society during times of change.
Ceuta and Melilla are two ‘enclaves’ on the northern coast of Africa that have been Spanish for centuries but that are claimed by the Kingdom of Morocco. As an integral part of Spain the towns have also been part of the territory of the European Union since 1986. Their unique situation has created considerable tension in the relationship (both political and economic) between Spain and Morocco. As well as looking at this relationship, the book explains how the anomalous situation of the enclaves impinges on issues such as immigration from North and sub-Saharan Africa into the EU, defence, trade and the Spanish political scene in general.
One of the most important challenges concerning the future of the European Union is the demographic reproduction of the European population. Decreasing birth-rates and the retirement of the baby boomers will dramatically reduce the labour force in the EU, which will entail not only a lack of manpower but also lower contributions to European social systems. It seems clear that the EU will have to counterbalance this population decrease by immigration in the coming years. Migration Between the Middle East, North Africa and Europe takes this challenge as a point of departure for analysing the MENA region, in particular Morocco, Egypt and Turkey, as a possible source of future migration to the European Union. At the same time, it illustrates the uncertainties implied in such calculations, especially at a time of radical political changes, such as those brought about by the Arab Uprising.
This study tries to achieve a more empirically and quantitatively founded understanding of the nature, scale and recent evolution of irregular West African migration to the Maghreb and Europe. It also evaluates how policies to manage trans-Saharan and trans-Mediterranean migration have affected current migration patterns.--Publisher's description.
The Necropolitical Theater: Race and Immigration on the Contemporary Spanish Stage demonstrates how theatrical production in Spain since the early 1990s has reflected national anxieties about immigration and race. Jeffrey K. Coleman argues that Spain has developed a “necropolitical theater” that casts the non-European immigrant as fictionalized enemy—one whose nonwhiteness is incompatible with Spanish national identity and therefore poses a threat to the very Europeanness of Spain. The fate of the immigrant in the necropolitical theater is death, either physical or metaphysical, which preserves the status quo and provides catharsis for the spectator faced with the notion of racial diversity. Marginalization, forced assimilation, and physical death are outcomes suffered by Latin American, North African, and sub-Saharan African characters, respectively, and in these differential outcomes determined by skin color Coleman identifies an inherent racial hierarchy informed by the legacies of colonization and religious intolerance. Drawing on theatrical texts, performances, legal documents, interviews, and critical reviews, this book challenges Spanish theater to develop a new theatrical space. Jeffrey K. Coleman proposes a “convivial theater” that portrays immigrants as contributors to the Spanish state and better represents the multicultural reality of the nation today.
EU specialists discuss issues regarding Middle Eastern and North African immigrants, such as legislation, assimilation, multiculturalism, community formation, citizenship, political participation, and religious and cultural identities.
This dissertation analyzes continuity and change in discourses of race and national identity in twentieth and twenty-first century Spain. The study examines colonial interventions in Africa during Francisco Franco's dictatorship, as well as in the context of contemporary immigration. It reevaluates the notion that contemporary Spanish society rejects immigrants wholeheartedly, by integrating the discussion of mixed couples into the broader topic of immigration in Spain. This project demonstrates that dialogue and cultural negotiation are also an integral part of Spanish society's reaction to immigration. Examining mixed couples in film, narrative, and online, provides a way in which to observe these negotiations and compromises. Chapter One considers the concept of raza, or the Spanish race, through Francisco Franco's Raza, as well as the representation of mestizaje and mixed-race desire in Liberata Masoliver's award-winning romance novel Efún (1955), set in Equatorial Guinea. Chapter Two discusses the continuity of these discourses in the late twentieth century, as well as how they have adapted or changed in the contemporary era, analyzing African-Spanish couples in the film Susanna (Antonio Chavarrías, 1996), the novel La cazadora (Encarna Cabello, 1995), the short story "La belleza del ébano," (Marina Mayoral, 1998) and Juan Goytisolo's Makbara (1980). Chapter Three examines the web forum Parejas mixtas. The forum is a textual space that is driven by user-generated content, in which personal narratives create an interactive dialog. These virtual texts allow an engagement and variety of opinions, resulting in a more nuanced articulation of racial and national subjectivity. Parejas mixtas, as a public text, serves as a window into how African immigration has impacted the national conversation about race and national identity in Spain. By juxtaposing colonial and post-colonial texts, as well as fiction with online narratives, this dissertation speaks to the complexity of the national discourse on immigration in Spain today.