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This handbook brings together a great deal of new data on the static and dynamic elastic properties of granular and other composite material. The authors are at the very center of today's research and present new and imported theoretical tools that have enabled our current understanding of the complex behavior of rocks. There are three central themes running throughout the presentation: · Rocks as the prototypical material for defining a class of materials · The PM space model as a useful theoretical construct for developing a phenomenology · A sequence of refined analysis methods. This suite of new methods for both recording and analyzing data is more than a single framework for interpretation, it is also a toolbox for the experimenter. A comprehensive and systematic book of utmost interest to anybody involved in non-destructive testing, civil engineering, and geophysics.
Nonlinear Acoustic Waves in Micro-inhomogeneous Solids covers the broad and dynamic branch of nonlinear acoustics, presenting a wide variety of different phenomena from both experimental and theoretical perspectives. The introductory chapters, written in the style of graduate-level textbook, present a review of the main achievements of classic nonlinear acoustics of homogeneous media. This enables readers to gain insight into nonlinear wave processes in homogeneous and micro-inhomogeneous solids and compare it within the framework of the book. The subsequent eight chapters covering: Physical models and mechanisms of the structure nonlinearity of micro-inhomogeneous media with cracks and cavities; Elastic waves in media with strong acoustic nonlinearity; Wave processes in micro-inhomogeneous media with hysteretic nonlinearity; Wave processes in nonlinear micro-inhomogeneous media with relaxation; Wave processes in the polycrystalline solids with dissipative and elastic nonlinearity caused by dislocations; Experimental studies of the nonlinear acoustic phenomena in polycrystalline rocks and metals; Experimental studies of nonlinear acoustic phenomena in granular media; and Nonlinear phenomena in seismic waves are dedicated to the theoretical and experimental research of nonlinear processes, caused by longitudinal elastic waves propagation and interaction in the micro-inhomogeneous media with a strong acoustical nonlinearity of different types (elastic, hysteretic, bimodular, elastic quadratic and non-elastic). This valuable monograph is intended for graduate students and researchers in applied physics, mechanical engineering, and applied mathematics, as well as those working in a wide spectrum of disciplines in materials science.
This book presents the results of two major international research projects on phenomenology, theory and applications of Nonclassical Nonlinearity. It conveys concepts, experimental techniques and applications which were previously found in specialized journals. It also allows for an interdisciplinary audience to better understand the range of practical applications, and is timely and interesting to both researchers and professionals.
The book provides the reader with the knowledge, tools, and methods to understand the phenomenon of hysteresis in porous materials. As many challenges have been met only recently, the book summarizes the research results usually found only scattered in the literature, connecting knowledge from traditionally separated research fields to provide a better understanding of the physical phenomena of coupled elastic-fluid systems. The result is an invaluable self-contained reference book for materials scientists, civil, mechanical and construction engineers concerned with development and maintenance of structures made of porous materials.
Quantitative ultrasound (QUS) of bone is a relatively recent research field. The research community is steadily growing, with interdisciplinary branches in acoustics, medical imaging, biomechanics, biomedical engineering, applied mathematics, bone biology and clinical sciences, resulting in significant achievements in new ultrasound technologies to measure bone, as well as models to elucidate the interaction and the propagation of ultrasonic wave in complex bone structures. Hundreds of articles published in specialists journals are accessible from the Web and from electronic libraries. However, no compilation and synthesis of the most recent and significant research exist. The only book on QUS of bone has been published in 1999 at a time when the propagation mechanisms of ultrasound in bone were still largely unknown and the technology was immature. The research community has now reached a critical size, special sessions are organized in major international meetings (e.g., at the World Congress of Biomechanics, the annual meetings of the Acoustical Society of America, International Bone Densitometry Workshop, etc...). Consequently, the time has come for a completely up to date, comprehensive review of the topic. The book will offer the most recent experimental results and theoretical concepts developed so far and is intended for researchers, graduate or undergraduate students, engineers, and clinicians who are involved in the field. The central part of the book covers the physics of ultrasound propagation in bone. Our goal is to give the reader an extensive view of the mathematical and numerical models as an aid to understand the QUS potential and the types of variables that can be determined by QUS in order to characterize bone strength. The propagation of sound in bone is still subject of intensive research. Different models have been proposed (for example, the Biot theory of poroelasticity and the theory of scattering have been used to describe wave propagation in cancellous bone, whereas propagation in cortical bone falls in the scope of guided waves theories). An extensive review of the models has not been published so far. We intend in this book to present in details the models that are used to solve the direct problem and strategies that are currently developed to address the inverse problem. This will include analytical theories and numerical approaches that have grown exponentially in recent years. Most recent experimental findings and technological developments will also be comprehensively reviewed.
The MIT mission - "to bring together Industry and Academia and to nurture the next generation in computational mechanics is of great importance to reach the new level of mathematical modeling and numerical solution and to provide an exciting research environment for the next generation in computational mechanics." Mathematical modeling and numerical solution is today firmly established in science and engineering. Research conducted in almost all branches of scientific investigations and the design of systems in practically all disciplines of engineering can not be pursued effectively without, frequently, intensive analysis based on numerical computations.The world we live in has been classified by the human mind, for descriptive and analysis purposes, to consist of fluids and solids, continua and molecules; and the analyses of fluids and solids at the continuum and molecular scales have traditionally been pursued separately. Fundamentally, however, there are only molecules and particles for any material that interact on the microscopic and macroscopic scales. Therefore, to unify the analysis of physical systems and to reach a deeper understanding of the behavior of nature in scientific investigations, and of the behavior of designs in engineering endeavors, a new level of analysis is necessary. This new level of mathematical modeling and numerical solution does not merely involve the analysis of a single medium but must encompass the solution of multi-physics problems involving fluids, solids, and their interactions, involving multi-scale phenomena from the molecular to the macroscopic scales, and must include uncertainties in the given data and the solution results. Nature does not distinguish between fluids and solids and does not ever repeat itself exactly.This new level of analysis must also include, in engineering, the effective optimization of systems, and the modeling and analysis of complete life spans of engineering products, from design to fabrication, to possibly multiple repairs, to end of service.
Non-destructive testing (NDT) is a pertinent task in nearly every field of human activity, from the assuring of aircraft integrity to the evaluation of infrastructural decay caused by deterioration or damage. The development of non-destructive methods for quality management results in economic and environmental benefits, in an increase in product reliability, and in improved public safety and security. This book contains over fifty reviewed and edited papers on the innovative developments and new applications in NDT. It covers cutting-edge NDT methods, including optical, acoustic, ultrasonic, and electromagnetic techniques, tomography, radiography, and thermography. Intended for a researchers and practitioners involved with studying, testing and maintaining machinery, products and components in laboratory and industrial environments.
Written by a group of acoustics and vibration specialists, this book studies the acoustic and vibrating phenomena that occur in diverse materials used for all kinds of purposes. The first part studies the fundamental aspects of propagation: analytical, numerical and experimental. The second part outlines industrial and medical applications. Covering a wide range of topics that associate materials science with acoustics, this will be of invaluable use to researchers, engineers, or practitioners in this field, as well as students in acoustics, physics, and mechanics.
In this comprehensive yet compact monograph, Michel W. Barsoum, one of the pioneers in the field and the leading figure in MAX phase research, summarizes and explains, from both an experimental and a theoretical viewpoint, all the features that are necessary to understand and apply these new materials. The book covers elastic, electrical, thermal, chemical and mechanical properties in different temperature regimes. By bringing together, in a unifi ed, self-contained manner, all the information on MAX phases hitherto only found scattered in the journal literature, this one-stop resource offers researchers and developers alike an insight into these fascinating materials.
The non-destructive evaluation of civil engineering structures in reinforced concrete is becoming an increasingly important issue in this field of engineering. This book proposes innovative ways to deal with this problem, through the characterization of concrete durability indicators by the use of non-destructive techniques. It presents the description of the various non-destructive techniques and their combination for the evaluation of indicators. The processing of data issued from the combination of NDE methods is also illustrated through examples of data fusion methods. The identification of conversion models linking observables, obtained from non-destructive measurements, to concrete durability indicators, as well as the consideration of different sources of variability in the assessment process, are also described. An analysis of in situ applications is carried out in order to highlight the practical aspects of the methodology. At the end of the book the authors provide a methodological guide detailing the proposed non-destructive evaluation methodology of concrete indicators. - Presents the latest developments performed in the community of NDT on different aspects - Provides a methodology developed in laboratory and transferred onsite for the evaluation of concrete properties which are not usually addressed by NDT methods - Includes the use of data fusion for merging the measurements provided by several NDT methods - Includes examples of current and potential applications