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Describes the interaction between the fluid flow and the high temperature phenomena experienced in the hypersonic regime. Presents the principles of aerothermodynamics in nonequilibrium hypersonic flow regimes, covering theory, application and surface phenomena. Chapters 1 to 5 explain how to develop computational fluid dynamics (CFD) techniques for computing nonequilibrium, chemically reacting flows in the hypersonic regime. Chapters 6 to 8 examine the important physical phenomena that occur in hypersonic flows. The final chapter is devoted to the nonequilibrium kinetics at solid surfaces, which is useful in addressing the problems of the nonequilibrium gas-surface interactions that arise in hypersonic flight.
A modern treatment of hypersonic aerothermodynamics for students, engineers, scientists, and program managers involved in the study and application of hypersonic flight. It assumes an understanding of the basic principles of fluid mechanics, thermodynamics, compressible flow, and heat transfer. Ten chapters address: general characterization of hypersonic flows; basic equations of motion; defining the aerothermodynamic environment; experimental measurements of hypersonic flows; stagnation-region flowfield; the pressure distribution; the boundary layer and convective heat transfer; aerodynamic forces and moments; viscous interactions; and aerothermodynamics and design considerations. Includes sample exercises and homework problems. Annotation copyright by Book News, Inc., Portland, OR
In this book selected aerothermodynamic design problems in hypersonic vehicles are treated. Where applicable, it emphasizes the fact that outer surfaces of hypersonic vehicles primarily are radiation-cooled, an interdisciplinary topic with many implications.
This book is a self-contained text for those students and readers interested in learning hypersonic flow and high-temperature gas dynamics. It assumes no prior familiarity with either subject on the part of the reader. If you have never studied hypersonic and/or high-temperature gas dynamics before, and if you have never worked extensively in the area, then this book is for you. On the other hand, if you have worked and/or are working in these areas, and you want a cohesive presentation of the fundamentals, a development of important theory and techniques, a discussion of the salient results with emphasis on the physical aspects, and a presentation of modern thinking in these areas, then this book is also for you. In other words, this book is designed for two roles: 1) as an effective classroom text that can be used with ease by the instructor, and understood with ease by the student; and 2) as a viable, professional working tool for engineers, scientists, and managers who have any contact in their jobs with hypersonic and/or high-temperature flow.
7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Rotational Energy Exchange Models -- 7.2.1 Constant Collision Number -- 7.2.2 The Parker Model -- 7.2.3 Variable Probability Exchange Model of Boyd -- 7.2.4 Nonequilibrium Direction Dependent Model -- 7.2.5 Model Results -- 7.3 Vibrational Energy Exchange Models -- 7.3.1 Constant Collision Number -- 7.3.2 The Millikan-White Model -- 7.3.3 Quantized Treatment for Vibration -- 7.3.4 Model Results -- 7.4 Dissociation Chemical Reactions -- 7.4.1 Total Collision Energy Model -- 7.4.2 Redistribution of Energy Following a Dissociation Reaction -- 7.4.3 Vibrationally Favored Dissociation Model -- 7.5 General Chemical Reactions -- 7.5.1 Reaction Rates and Equilibrium Constant -- 7.5.2 Backward Reaction Rates in DSMC -- 7.5.3 Three-Body Recombination Reactions -- 7.5.4 Post-Reaction Energy Redistribution and General Implementation -- 7.5.5 DSMC Solutions for Reacting Flows -- 7.6 Summary -- Appendix A: Generating Particle Properties -- Appendix B: Collisional Quantities -- Appendix C: Determining Post-Collision Velocities -- Appendix D: Macroscopic Properties -- Appendix E: Common Integrals -- References -- Index
Progress in Astronautics and Rocketry, Volume 7: Hypersonic Flow Research compiles papers presented at a conference on hypersonics held at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in August 1961. This book discusses the low Reynolds number effects, chemical kinetics effects, inviscid flow calculations, and experimental techniques relating to the problems in acquiring an understanding of hypersonic flow. The structure and composition of hypersonic wakes with attendant complex chemical kinetic effects is only briefly mentioned. This text consists of five parts. Parts A to C comprise of theoretical papers on the problems of calculating flow fields at hypersonic speeds. The experimental techniques that are of immediate practical interest in view of the difficulty of flight testing are discussed in Parts D and E. This publication is beneficial to engineers involved in advanced design problems.
The last two decades have brought two important developments for aeroth- modynamics. One is that airbreathing hypersonic flight became the topic of technology programmes and extended system studies. The other is the emergence and maturing of the discrete numerical methods of aerodyn- ics/aerothermodynamics complementary to the ground-simulation facilities, with the parallel enormous growth of computer power. Airbreathing hypersonic flight vehicles are, in contrast to aeroassisted re-entry vehicles, drag sensitive. They have, further, highly integrated lift and propulsion systems. This means that viscous eflFects, like boundary-layer development, laminar-turbulent transition, to a certain degree also strong interaction phenomena, are much more important for such vehicles than for re-entry vehicles. This holds also for the thermal state of the surface and thermal surface effects, concerning viscous and thermo-chemical phenomena (more important for re-entry vehicles) at and near the wall. The discrete numerical methods of aerodynamics/aerothermodynamics permit now - what was twenty years ago not imaginable - the simulation of high speed flows past real flight vehicle configurations with thermo-chemical and viscous effects, the description of the latter being still handicapped by in sufficient flow-physics models. The benefits of numerical simulation for flight vehicle design are enormous: much improved aerodynamic shape definition and optimization, provision of accurate and reliable aerodynamic data, and highly accurate determination of thermal and mechanical loads. Truly mul- disciplinary design and optimization methods regarding the layout of thermal protection systems, all kinds of aero-servoelasticity problems of the airframe, et cetera, begin now to emerge.
This book contains chapters written by some eminent scientists and researchers on Computational Methods in Hypersonic Aerodynamics and forms a natural sequel to the earlier publications on Computational Methods in Potential Flow (1986) and Computational Methods in Viscous Aerodynamics (1990). In this book, the earlier attempts at the solution of the highly nonlinear Navier-Stokes equations are extended to the aerothermodynamics of flow in the hypersonic regime, including the effects of viscosity on the physical and chemical processes of high-temperature nonequilibrium flow at very high speeds, such as vibrational excitation, dissociation and recombination, ionization and radiation, as well as real gas effects and the effects of high temperature and low density. The book has been prepared as a valuable contribution to the state-of-the-art on computational methods in hypersonic aerodynamics. All the chapters have been written by eminent scientists and researchers well known for their work in this field.