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The 1980 UN Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG) unifies the law governing the rights and obligations arising from a contract for the international sale of goods for the seller and the buyer. The CISG entered into force on 1 January 1988. The current number of 62 contracting States, representing two thirds of the world trade, shows the relevance of this Convention. Moreover, the International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) has published a model for an international sales contract that presupposes the application of the Convention. Since no supranational court exists to safeguard a uniform interpretation of its provisions, the case law from different states on the basis of the CISG needs to be compared. One of the main obligations for the seller under the Convention is to deliver goods which are in conformity with the contract (art. 35 CISG). With respect to this particular obligation, a number of questions have arisen. For example, do the goods delivered need to comply with any public law requirements in the country where the goods will be used? When and how does a buyer have to give notice to the seller of any lack of conformity? Is any fault on the part of the seller required for a buyer to be able to rely on this provision? Who bears the burden of proof? Can a buyer rely on any concurrent claims based on national law, alongside his claim based on lack of conformity? This book contains an analysis of the case law that has been established on the basis of the CISG concerning the aforementioned questions. Special attention has been paid to court decisions in Austria, Belgium, France, Germany, the Netherlands and Switzerland, as well as to arbitral awards by the ICC Court of Arbitration. In this respect, the role of the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts in the interpretation of the CISG has also been analysed. The book provides a unique combination, because it contains both an analysis of the issue of (non-)conformity as such and an overview of the recent case law on this topic, as well as recommendations for international commercial practice. Therefore, this book will be of interest to both academics and legal practitioners.
This book brings together the top international sales law scholars from twenty-three countries to review the Convention on Contracts for International Sale of Goods (CISG) and its role in the unification of global sales law. It reviews the substance of CISG rules and analyzes alternative interpretations. A comparative analysis is given of how countries have accepted, interpreted, and applied the CISG. Theoretical insights are offered into the problems of uniform laws, the CISG's role in bridging the gap between the common and civil legal traditions, and the debate over good faith in CISG jurisprudence. The book reviews case law relating to the interpretation and application of the provisions of the CISG; analyzes how it has been recognized and implemented by national courts and arbitral tribunals; offers insights into problems of uniformity of application of an international sales convention; compares the CISG with the English Sale of Goods Act and places it in the context of other texts of UNCITRAL; and analyzes the CISG from the practitioner's perspective.
"... there is a lack of a clear and simple exposition of the CISG for students and practitioners. That is the role of the current book, which it fills admirably. All of the issues that have been raised in the cases and the literature are considered, but without excessive detail. This is a book that will do much to make the CISG an easily understandable text for all users, student and pracitioner alike." Preface by Professor Eric E. Bergsten
This study analyses the buyer's remedies for non-conforming goods under a sales contract under English, German, French and Scandinavian law. Moreover, the EC Consumer Sales Directive, the 1980 UN Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG) and the Principles of European Contract Law (PECL) are included. The study examines the most controversial issues and problems involved in the establishment of an effective and fair remedial regime for non-conforming goods. Should there be a certain hierarchy of remedies, where some prevail over others? Who should be able to choose between the remedies, the buyer or the seller, and should there be a right for the seller to impose cure upon the buyer? Should certain remedies be restricted where the lack of conformity is not sufficiently serious? Another controversial issue is the question of whether, and if so, how the buyer should be obliged to notify the seller, and within which time limits he should be obliged to bring forward his claim.
“The Draft UNCITRAL Digest and Beyond” is one of the most useful single volumes available on the CISG. It includes the full text of the draft “UNCITRAL Digest” which catalogues the cases and arbitral awards to date that have interpreted and applied the CISG on an article by article basis. “The Digest and Beyond” includes also commentary by eminent CISG scholars that addresses issues not yet considered in the cases. With more than 1000 decisions applying the CISG in courts and arbitral tribunals around the world, the UNCITRAL Secretariat charged five CISG experts from a variety of regions with the task of creating a digest of CISG case law. “The Digest and Beyond” includes the draft “UNCITRAL Digest”, even before it is released officially by UNCITRAL. It also goes where the authors of the Digest were not allowed to go, given the narrow mandate within which the drafters were asked to work. Its chapters build upon the work of the “UNCITRAL Digest”. The Digest describes the reasoning and results of existing CISG cases; in “The Digest and Beyond”, the Digest authors analyze those cases, and discuss issues that have not yet arisen in the case law. Thus, in many ways, “The Digest and Beyond” provides scholarship that can direct future cases in areas that have not yet been considered by courts and arbitrators as well as in areas in which contradictory court decisions exist.
This comprehensive analysis of domestic and international sales law covering over sixty jurisdictions is the most detailed work in the field. It includes all aspects of a sale of goods transaction and provides answers to complex issues in practice.
This publication is a comprehensive commentary on the history, analysis & interpretation of the Bilateral Investment Treaties (BITs). These treaties are intended to protect U.S. investment in foreign countries. Although the initial target of the BITs was to develop countries in the third world, the opening of Eastern Europe has led to BIT negotiations in that region as well. United States Investment Treaties: Policy & Practice analyzes the policies underlying the BIT program; describes how the BIT program differs from prior U.S. practice with respect to foreign investment protection; explains the intent of specific provisions in the various model negotiations texts; assesses the extent to which the negotiations of the individual signed BITs resulted in a substantive modification of provisions of the model negotiating texts & thus a departure from the intent of the drafters. This book deals with a topic of increasing interest to businesses with operations in foreign countries & to attorneys advising these companies.