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Examining the rapid transition in Iran from a modernizing, westernizing, secularizing monarchy (1941-79) to a hard-line, conservative, clergy-run Islamic republic (1979-), this book focuses on the ways this process has impacted the Qashqa’i—a rural, nomadic, tribally organized, Turkish-speaking, ethnic minority of a million and a half people who are dispersed across the southern Zagros Mountains. Analysing the relationship between the tribal polity and each of the two regimes, the book goes on to explain the resilience of the people’s tribal organizations, kinship networks, and politicized ethnolinguistic identities to demonstrate how these structures and ideologies offered the Qashqa’i a way to confront the pressures emanating from the two central governments. Existing scholarly works on politics in Iran rarely consider Iranian society outside the capital of Tehran and beyond the reach of the details of national politics. Local-level studies on Iran—accounts of the ways people actually lived—are now rare, especially after the revolution. Based on long-term anthropological research, Nomads in Postrevolutionary Iran provides a unique insight into how national-level issues relate to the local level and will be of interest to scholars and researchers in Anthropolgy, Iranian Studies and Middle Eastern Studies.
With the 1978-79 Revolution in Iran, the Pahlavi dynasty fell and was replaced by the Islamic Republic. In the decades since the Revolution all sectors of Iranian society, from the middle-class villas of northern Tehran to the remotest villages and nomad camps, have undergone profound changes. For many years the country was difficult to access by outsiders. Foreign media provided images of bearded men toting guns, veiled women in the cities and the horrors of the war with Iraq, yet little was known of what was going on in the countryside. Some nomad tribes were reported to be barely surviving after suffering discrimination and reductions in numbers in the last years of the Pahlavis, whereas others were said to be experiencing something of a renaissance. This book documents the life of the nomads in Iran at the end of the twentieth century.
Examining the rapid transition in Iran from a modernizing, westernizing, secularizing monarchy (1941-79) to a hard-line, conservative, clergy-run Islamic republic (1979-), this book focuses on the ways this process has impacted the Qashqa’i—a rural, nomadic, tribally organized, Turkish-speaking, ethnic minority of a million and a half people who are dispersed across the southern Zagros Mountains. Analysing the relationship between the tribal polity and each of the two regimes, the book goes on to explain the resilience of the people’s tribal organizations, kinship networks, and politicized ethnolinguistic identities to demonstrate how these structures and ideologies offered the Qashqa’i a way to confront the pressures emanating from the two central governments. Existing scholarly works on politics in Iran rarely consider Iranian society outside the capital of Tehran and beyond the reach of the details of national politics. Local-level studies on Iran—accounts of the ways people actually lived—are now rare, especially after the revolution. Based on long-term anthropological research, Nomads in Postrevolutionary Iran provides a unique insight into how national-level issues relate to the local level and will be of interest to scholars and researchers in Anthropolgy, Iranian Studies and Middle Eastern Studies.
English summary: In Central Asia, the Iranian highlands and the Near East, the impact of nomadic groups on the course of history was more felt than in other parts of the world. The Mongol Empire, which extended from Baghdad to the China Sea, is but one example of the successful military and political enterprises of nomad conquerors. This nomad power over the long period from the expansion of Islam to European colonial intervention, which includes the rise and fall of several Turko-Mongol empires, is the subject of this anthology. The research focus is directed primarily to the conditions in which nomad power developed in the context of interrelated nomadic and sedentary ways of life. These interrelationships have been an essential aspect of the Collaborative Research Centre "Difference and Integration" (SFB 586) project from which this volume emerges. As Iran and the adjacent areas have historically been characterized by a complex geo-spatial environment of mobile and sedentary groups and political associations, they are especially suited to enquiry in this context. Questions are particularly asked as to the circumstances, development patterns and effects of political and military alliances between nomadic and sedentary leaders or groups. Could nomad military power be enlisted in the strategies of sedentary rulers? What objectives did nomad allies pursue in these circumstances and with what, partly unexpected, results? The volume also investigates the transformations that took place in states that emerged from nomad conquests. What political and military roles did rulers of ''post-nomadic'' sedentary states assign to the descendants of nomad conquerors? What roles did these groups claim for themselves? And did nomadic traditions linger on in these states? As well as the history of events and structures, contemporary conceptual approaches to nomad power and the visual representation of nomadic warfare in Persian miniature painting are also examined. The anthology thus sheds light on an important aspect of the history of Iran and neighbouring countries that has so far not been examined systematically. It will be of interest to specialists in Islamic history, particularly in Iran and Central Asia, and to any historian looking for a transregional perspective on mediaeval and early modern military history. German description: Der Einfluss nomadischer Gruppen auf den Gang der Geschichte war in Zentralasien, im iranischen Hochland und im Nahen Osten starker als in anderen Teilen der Welt. Das mongolische Weltreich, das sich von Bagdad bis zum Chinesischen Meer erstreckte, ist nur ein Beispiel fur erfolgreiche militarische und politische Unternehmungen nomadischer Eroberer. Die Macht nomadischer Gruppen in der langen Epoche von der Ausbreitung des Islams bis zur europaischen kolonialen Intervention, die den Aufstieg und Fall verschiedener turko-mongolischer Reiche zu beobachten erlaubt, ist das zentrale Thema dieses Sammelbandes. Dabei richtet sich das Interesse insbesondere auf die Entstehungsbedingungen nomadischer Macht im Kontext der Wechselbeziehungen zwischen nomadischen und sesshaften Lebensformen, welche im Mittelpunkt des Sonderforschungsbereichs "Differenz und Integration" (SFB 586) standen, aus dem dieser Band hervorgeht. Iran und die daran angrenzenden Gebiete zeichneten sich in historischer Zeit durch eine raumlich dichte Gemengelage mobiler und sesshafter Gruppen und politischer Verbande aus und eignen sich darum besonders zur Untersuchung. Gefragt wird nach den Umstanden, Verlaufsformen und Folgen politischer und militarischer Bundnisse zwischen nomadischen und sesshaften Herrschern oder Gruppen. Liess sich nomadische Militarmacht in die Strategien sesshafter Herrscher einbinden? Welche eigenen Ziele verfolgten die nomadischen Bundnispartner unter diesen Umstanden und zu welchen auch unerwarteten Resultaten fuhrte ihre Teilhabe? Thematisiert werden zudem die Transformationen in Staaten, die aus nomadischen Eroberungen hervorgingen. Welche Rollen wiesen die Beherrscher "post-nomadischer" sesshafter Staaten den Nachkommen der nomadischen Eroberer im Staats- und Militarwesen zu? Welche Rollen beanspruchten diese Gruppen selbst? Inwiefern wirkten nomadische Traditionen in diesen Staaten nach? Neben ereignis- und strukturgeschichtlichen Phanomen werden auch zeitgenossische konzeptionelle Entwurfe nomadischer Macht sowie die visuelle Reprasentation nomadischer Kriegskunst in der persischen Miniaturmalerei behandelt. Indem der Sammelband einen historisch gewichtigen und bislang nicht zusammenhangend untersuchten Aspekt der Entwicklung Irans und umliegender Lander beleuchtet, richtet er sich sowohl an Spezialisten der Geschichte der islamischen Welt, zumal der Iran- und Mittelasienwissenschaften, als auch allgemein an Historiker, die sich mit mittelalterlicher und fruhneuzeitlicher Militargeschichte in uberregional vergleichender Perspektive auseinandersetzen wollen.
The Lur nomads live Luristan in the west of modern Iran. Two Danish scholars, Carl Gunnar Feilberg and Lennart Edelberg, visited this region in 1935 and 1964 respectively, and assembled two valuable ethnographic collections which provide a remarkable perspective over time on the historical transformation of Lur nomadism.
The classic images of Iranian nomads in circulation today and in years past suggest that Western awareness of nomadism is a phenomenon of considerable antiquity. Though nomadism has certainly been a key feature of Iranian history, it has not been in the way most modern archaeologists have envisaged it. Nomadism in Iran recasts our understanding of this "timeless" tradition. Far from constituting a natural adaptation on the Iranian Plateau, nomadism is a comparatively late introduction, which can only be understood within the context of certain political circumstances. Since the early Holocene, most, if not all, agricultural communities in Iran had kept herds of sheep and goat, but the communities themselves were sedentary: only a few of their members were required to move with the herds seasonally. Though the arrival of Iranian speaking groups, attested in written sources beginning in the time of Herodutus, began to change the demography of the plateau, it wasn't until later in the eleventh century that an influx of Turkic speaking Oghuz nomadic groups-"true" nomads of the steppe-began the modification of the demography of the Iranian Plateau that accelerated with the Mongol conquest. The massive, unprecedented violence of this invasion effected the widespread distribution of largely Turkic-speaking nomadic groups across Iran. Thus, what has been interpreted in the past as an enduring pattern of nomadic land use is, by archaeological standards, very recent. Iran's demographic profile since the eleventh century AD, and more particularly in the nineteenth and twentieth century, has been used by some scholars as a proxy for ancient social organization. Nomadism in Iran argues that this modernist perspective distorts the historical reality of the land. Assembling a wealth of material in several languages and disciplines, Nomadism in Iran will be invaluable to archaeologists, anthropologists, and historians of the Middle East and Central Asia.
During recent years, attempts have been made to move beyond the Eurocentric perspective that characterized the social sciences, especially anthropology, for over 150 years. A debate on the “anthropology of anthropology” was needed, one that would consider other forms of knowledge, modalities of writing, and political and intellectual practices. This volume undertakes that challenge: it is the result of discussions held at the first organized encounter between Iranian, American, and European anthropologists since the Iranian Revolution of 1979. It is considered an important first step in overcoming the dichotomy between “peripheral anthropologies” versus “central anthropologies.” The contributors examine, from a critical perspective, the historical, cultural, and political field in which anthropological research emerged in Iran at the beginning of the twentieth century and in which it continues to develop today.
This book documents the life and migratory cycle of nomadic pastoralism in Iran. The Qashqa'i have played an important role in religion and politics in Iran, but lately their way of life has been eroded by economic and social pressures and the intolerance of the government.