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Summary: In the past few decades the significance of combat operations during night has greatly increased. A cursory review of history reveals that darkness id usually the ally of weaker forces fighting stronger and technologically superior ones. Contemporary military thought advocates total proficiency in night fighting.
Subject: Current United States Army doctrine states that night combat is applicable to all types of armored operations and must be a key part of modern military education.
This study examines the extensive experiences of the Soviet Army as it struggled to master the night. Driven by necessity to operate in the relative safety of darkness, the Soviet Army in World War II learned to capitalize on night operations and to exploit that capability in its quest for victory over the German Army, The Soviets have not forgotten that experience, and since the war, they have emphasized the advantages of night combat. As they train for night operations, they closely study the experiences of World War II in the belief that certain basic techniques and conditions of battle transcend time and the vagaries of technological change.
This paper focuses on the formulation of doctrine since World War II. In no comparable period in history have the dimensions of the battlefield been so altered by rapid technological changes. The need for the tactical doctrines of the Army to remain correspondingly abreast of these changes is thus more pressing than ever before. Future conflicts are not likely to develop in the leisurely fashions of the past where tactical doctrines could be refined on the battlefield itself. It is, therefore, imperative that we apprehend future problems with as much accuracy as possible. One means of doing so is to pay particular attention to the business of how the Army's doctrine has developed historically, with a view to improving methods of future development.
The material for this pamphlet was prepared for the Historical Division, EUCOM, by a group of former German generals and general staff officers. The principal author, former Brig. Gen. Alfred Toppe, and most of his associates served for extended periods on the Russian Front during World War II. Moreover, most of them held assignments involving troop training. The reader is reminded that publications in the GERMAN REPORT SERIES were written by Germans from the German point of view, and that the procedures, tables of organization and equipment, combat doctrine, and staff methods of the German Army differed widely from those of the U.S. Army. It is interesting to note, however, that, in conformity with the German recommendations made in this pamphlet, our own programs are placing increasing emphasis on night combat training.
This report summarizes a two-part video on preparing leaders to train their subordinate leaders and units for the platoon deliberate night attack as part of a rifle company. It integrates training principles dispersed throughout training and doctrine literature and Infantry leader courses. It shares lessons learned on training for night operations from the Joint Readiness Training Center and from experienced military leaders. Night and day photography illustrate the training sequence needed to master the individual and buddy team skills, battle drills, and situational training exercises that support the night attack. Training with night equipment, the multiple-integrated laser engagement system (MILES), and a realistic opposing force are stressed, as is leader planning and techniques to maximize training time. The video culminates with night attack training with MILES during the day and then at night, followed by live-fire during the day and then at night. The video was shot at Ft. Bragg, NC with soldiers and leaders from the 82th Airborne Division. The photography was taken by the Marine Corps Combat Camera Unit.
Soviet ground force tactical units conduct night attacks in accordance with a theoretical model which has changed little over the past decade. Its salient characteristics are prebattle reconnaissance, attack from the march, dismounted assault, illumination, patrolling, commitment of a second echelon, and penetration of the defending brigade reserve positions by dawn. Demonstrated Soviet tactical unit deficiencies in executing the night attack include land navigation and terrain orientation, driving, and use of night vision devices. Theoretical vulnerabilities which may be exploited include over reliance on illumination, predictibility of employment of combat reconnaissance patrols, and physical exhaustion of Soviet troops. Keywords: Night combat; Night attack; Soviet night tactics. (JHD).
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