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Winner, 2007 Tankard Award In March of 1827 the nation's first black newspaper appeared in New York City—to counter attacks on blacks by the city's other papers. From this signal event, The African American Newspaper traces the evolution of the black newspaper—and its ultimate decline--for more than 160 years until the end of the twentieth century. The book chronicles the growth of the black press into a powerful and effective national voice for African Americans during the period from 1910 to 1950--a period that proved critical to the formation and gathering strength of the civil rights movement that emerged so forcefully in the following decades. In particular, author Patrick S. Washburn explores how the Pittsburgh Courier and the Chicago Defender led the way as the two most influential black newspapers in U.S. history, effectively setting the stage for the civil rights movement's successes. Washburn also examines the numerous reasons for the enormous decline of black newspapers in influence and circulation in the decades immediately following World War II. His book documents as never before how the press's singular accomplishments provide a unique record of all areas of black history and a significant and shaping affect on the black experience in America.
Those who have wondered whatever "happened" to the Black press will find answers in this informative and entertaining book that addresses the various issues that contributed to the decline of African American newspapers and examines whether new media platforms of the 21st century can fill the void. Written by a recognized Black press scholar and professional journalist, the book explores the historic development of African American newspapers from their African roots to the founding of their first weekly journal and into the glory years as the communication foundation for the Civil Rights Movement. In the process the author reveals little known facts about the ways in which the Black press wove itself into the fabric of American culture among the White and Black populations. Along the way this easy-to-read volume brings to life interesting historical facts including: -- The early development of literary and publishing endeavors among Black people in colonial America and what Thomas Jefferson wrote about them. -- The ironic consequences that visited White publications following the U.S. Supreme Court's racial segregation decision in Plessy vs. Ferguson. -- The roles played by aviation pioneers Wilbur and Orville Wright in the launch of a Black newspaper published by Paul Laurence Dunbar. -- How the Black press reacted to the controversial success of the Amos 'N' Andy radio show in the 1930s. -- Why the Black press found itself at a disadvantage in reporting the Civil Rights Movement for which it had been largely responsible. -- What factors led to the strained relationship between the Black press and African American journalists who work for White-owned news organizations. Whither the Black Press? is a well written, interpretive historical account of African American newspapers and their struggle for survival against the backdrop of hegemonic White political, social and economic forces. It brings perspective and understanding of how a venerable African American institution journeyed through a glorious past into an uncertain future.
Freedom's Journal is a comprehensive study of the first African-American newspaper, which was founded in the first half of the 19th Century. The book investigates all aspects of publication as well as using the source material to extract information about African-American life at that time.
There is probably no better way to catch the flavor of a time period or of a people than by perusing the pages of contemporary periodicals. The problem is that very often newspapers, newsletters, and magazines are not saved and preserved as the precious historical record that they represent. This is doubly true of the ephemera of African-Americans in by-gone eras for a number of reasons. First of all, periodicals are intended at their inception to be for immediate consumption and not for posterity. Their own creators, the many editors and publishers referenced here, were probably too busy to worry about preserving their publications. Unlike artifacts or material goods, paper products are likely to disintegrate if not properly stored. And institutions, such as archives and libraries, where they might have been collected, tend to be white-dominated and not to value information pertaining to African-Americans until fairly recently. With the passage of time, the precious record of African-American life that is recorded in African-American publications is too often lost to later generations. Not only are the newspapers themselves often lost, but the memories of their impact disappear with each death of a community elder who remembers the personalities and issues involved. That is why Najiyyah Duncan’s work in researching the history of Cincinnati’s African-American newspapers is so important. Not only did Ms. Duncan scour local and national collections to determine where old Cincinnati newspapers were archived, but she also located individuals who had retained some precious copies privately. If she saw a citation for a Cincinnati newspaper in one of the few books published on the topic of African-American newspapers, she did everything within her power to try to locate extant copies. Then she scrutinized what was in the papers, recording information about founders, editors, dates of publication, mastheads, news stories, and typical contents, including businesses that advertised in the papers. By interviewing people who still remembered some of the earlier publications and the personalities behind them, Ms. Duncan supplements what she found in print. Although her main focus is on African-American newspapers published in Cincinnati, she also shares here what she found in the way of other types of local African-American publications as well as newspapers published elsewhere but circulated in Cincinnati. All of this is very important to anyone interested in how we got to where we are today in matters of culture and race. I know from personal experience while researching the life of Maurice McCrackin, a white minister who lived among African-Americans in Cincinnati’s West End and worked tirelessly to end racism and war, how important it is to have a balanced historical record to draw on. Such a record, however, is useful to far more than writers and historians. Anyone inspired to address today’s complex social inequities needs to know what has gone before. Furthermore, the record of any group should be articulated by members of that group rather than filtered and interpreted by the majority or dominant group. One of the first African-Americans to articulate the importance of this idea was John Brown Russwurm. In the first edition of the first African-American newspaper published in the United States, Freedom’s Journal in 1827, Russwurm wrote: “We wish to plead our own cause. Too long have others spoken for us. To long has the public been deceived by misrepresentations, in things which concern us dearly” (Quoted by Mary Sagarin in John Brown Russwurm: The Story of Freedom’s Journal, Freedom’s Journey. NY: Lothrop, Lee & Shepart, 1970, 57). Najiyyah Duncan has paid homage to Russwurm’s vision and a long history of self-articulation among African-American journalists by her efforts here in describing Cincinnati’s heritage o
During World War I, the publishers of America's crusading black newspapers faced a difficult dilemma. Would it be better to advance the interests of African Americans by affirming their patriotism and offering support of President Wilson's war for democracy in Europe, or should they demand that the government take concrete steps to stop the lynching, segregation, and disfranchisement of blacks at home as a condition of their participation in the war? This study of their efforts to resolve that dilemma offers important insights into the nature of black protest, race relations, and the role of the press in a republican system. William Jordan shows that before, during, and after the war, the black press engaged in a delicate and dangerous dance with the federal government and white America--at times making demands or holding firm, sometimes pledging loyalty, occasionally giving in. But although others have argued that the black press compromised too much, Jordan demonstrates that, given the circumstances, its strategic combination of protest and accommodation was remarkably effective. While resisting persistent threats of censorship, the black press consistently worked at educating America about the need for racial justice.
Winner of the American Historical Association’s 2022 Eugenia M. Palmegiano Prize. White publishers and editors used their newspapers to build, nurture, and protect white supremacy across the South in the decades after the Civil War. At the same time, a vibrant Black press fought to disrupt these efforts and force the United States to live up to its democratic ideals. Journalism and Jim Crow centers the press as a crucial political actor shaping the rise of the Jim Crow South. The contributors explore the leading role of the white press in constructing an anti-democratic society by promoting and supporting not only lynching and convict labor but also coordinated campaigns of violence and fraud that disenfranchised Black voters. They also examine the Black press’s parallel fight for a multiracial democracy of equality, justice, and opportunity for all—a losing battle with tragic consequences for the American experiment. Original and revelatory, Journalism and Jim Crow opens up new ways of thinking about the complicated relationship between journalism and power in American democracy. Contributors: Sid Bedingfield, Bryan Bowman, W. Fitzhugh Brundage, Kathy Roberts Forde, Robert Greene II, Kristin L. Gustafson, D'Weston Haywood, Blair LM Kelley, and Razvan Sibii
The history of African Americans in the news media is a relatively recent story of firsts. Consider Dorothy Gilliam, who in 1961 became the first black woman reporter hired by The Washington Post, or Bob Herbert, who in 1993 became the first black columnist at The New York Times, or even Mark Whitaker, who in 1998 became the first black editor of one of America's three major newsweeklies, Newsweek. These are just a few of the trailblazers who overcame obstacles to rise to the highest echelons of the media world. Prior to the 1960s, however, African Americans working for the predominantly white media were few and far between. After the subsiding of the dramatic civil rights demonstrations that shook most of America out of complacent acceptance of the status quo, the hiring of African-American news people slowed for a time before accelerating in the 1970, gaining real speed in the 1980s and 1990s. By the dawning of the new millennium, African Americans in the news media had achieved a sort of critical mass. This two-volume biographical encyclopedia chronicles the success stories and considerable strides made by over 240 African American media figures from newspapers, magazines, radio, television, and the Internet. The most influential and often groundbreaking reporters, columnists, editors, publishers, broadcasters, and even talk show hosts are all included here. Each in-depth biography discusses the individual's achievements and struggles along with more personal and career information. Numerous primary source documents-including newspaper and magazine articles, columns, and radio and television transcripts-give readers first-hand accounts from the newsrooms. Unlike other reference workscurrently available, this timely encyclopedia emphasizes those African Americans who are currently working in the news media. Among the featured: BLBob Herbert, syndicated columnist, The New York Times BLRichard D. Parsons, CEO, Time Warner BLLeonard Pitts, syndicated columnist, Tribune Media Services BLClarence Page, syndicated columnist, Chicago Tribune BLStanley Crouch, columnist, New York Daily News BLDerrick Johnson, columnist, The Boston Globe BLEd Bradley, correspondent, 60 Minutes on CBS BLLester Holt, anchor and show host, MSNBC BLCharlayne Hunter-Gault, foreign correspondent, NPR BLGwen Ifill, correspondent and moderator, PBS BLRobert L. Johnson, founder of Black Entertainment Television BLByron Pitts, national correspondent, CBS news BLAlfred Edmond, editor-in-chief, Black Enterprise Magazine BLMark Whitaker, editor, Newsweek BLLinda Johnson-Rice, publisher, Johnson Publishing Company BLKevin Blackistone, sports columnist, The Dallas Morning News BLRobin Roberts, sportscaster, anchor, ABC and ESPN BLOprah Winfrey, show host, ABC actress, producer, magazine publisher BLMichelle Norris, host of All Things Considered on NPR. A timeline, comprehensive introduction, numerous photos, and an extensive bibliography of print and electronic sources for further reading are included, making this encyclopedia a valuable reference for teachers and students interested in understanding the impact and significance of African Americans in the news media today.
The Black Newspaper and the Chosen Nation shows how antebellum African Americans used the newspaper as a means for translating their belief in black "chosenness" into plans and programs for black liberation. During the decades leading up the Civil War, the idea that God had marked black Americans as his chosen people on earth became a central article of faith in northern black communities, with black newspaper editors articulating it in their journals. Benjamin Fagan shows how the early black press helped shape the relationship between black chosenness and the struggles for black freedom and equality in America, in the process transforming the very notion of a chosen American nation. Exploring how cultures of print helped antebellum black Americans apply their faith to struggles grand and small, The Black Newspaper and the Chosen Nation uses the vast and neglected archive of the early black press to shed new light on many of the central figures and questions of African American studies.