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Drawing on a rich trove of documents, including correspondence not seen for 300 years, this study explores the emergence and growth of a remarkable global trade network operated by Armenian silk merchants from a small outpost in the Persian Empire. Based in New Julfa, Isfahan, in what is now Iran, these merchants operated a network of commercial settlements that stretched from London and Amsterdam to Manila and Acapulco. The New Julfan Armenians were the only Eurasian community that was able to operate simultaneously and successfully in all the major empires of the early modern world—both land-based Asian empires and the emerging sea-borne empires—astonishingly without the benefits of an imperial network and state that accompanied and facilitated European mercantile expansion during the same period. This book brings to light for the first time the trans-imperial cosmopolitan world of the New Julfans. Among other topics, it explores the effects of long distance trade on the organization of community life, the ethos of trust and cooperation that existed among merchants, and the importance of information networks and communication in the operation of early modern mercantile communities.
This catalog contains detailed descriptions of ninety-one items in the Armenian Manuscript Collection in the Department of Special Collections at the University Research Library of the University of California, Los Angeles. Acquired by the library in 1968 from Dr. Garo Owen Minasian, the collection includes manuscripts of ecclesiastical character as well as theological and philosophical works, medical treatises, and anthologies of poetry.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
Foreword -- The Silk Road, medieval globality, and 'everyday cosmopolitanism' -- The Silk Road as literary spacetime -- Techniques of worldmaking in medieval Armenia -- Making and unmaking the world of the Kasakh Valley -- Traveling through Armenia : caravan inns and the material experience of Silk Road travel -- The world in a bowl : intimate and delicious everyday spacetimes on the Silk Road -- Everyday cosmopolitanisms : rewriting the shape of the Silk Road world.
The Armenians traces the evolution of Armenia and Armenian collective identity from its beginnings to the Armenian nationalist movement over Gharabagh in 1988. Applying theories of national-identity formation and nationalism, Razmik Panossian analyzes different elements of Armenian identity construction and argues that national identity is modern, predominantly subjective, and based on a political sense of belonging. Yet he also acknowledges the crucial role of history, art, literature, religious practice, and commerce in preserving the national memory and shaping the cultural identity of the Armenian people. Panossian explores a series of landmark events, among them Armenians' first attempts at liberation, the Armenian renaissance of the nineteenth century, the 1915 genocide of the Ottoman Armenians, and Soviet occupation. He shows how these influences led to a "multilocal" evolution of Armenian identity in various places in and outside of Armenia, notably in diasporan communities from India to Venice. Today, these numerous identities contribute to deep divisions and tensions within the Armenian nation, the most profound of which is the cultural divide between Armenians residing in their homeland and those who live in the United States, Canada, the Middle East, and elsewhere. Considering the diversity of this single nation, Panossian questions the theoretical assumption that nationalism must be homogenizing. Based on extensive research conducted in Armenia and the diaspora, including interviews and translation of Armenian-language sources, The Armenians is an engaging history and an invaluable comparative study.
Just as the Portuguese settled in Goa, the Jews in Cochin and the Parsis in Bombay, the Armenians had rendered a special fragrance in Calcutta. Being the best of commercial minds, the Armenians came to India as merchants and prevailed on Eastern India’s commerce long before the British. Their commercial acumen won them great dividends in the Bengali trade, which they linked with the world trade network. They loved Bengal in their own way and made Calcutta their special home forever. The author has inked the five-century-old stories of the Armenians including the golden period of Indian foreign trade in the present work. Armenians had settled in different parts of India. Combined with boundless energy, they raised themselves to the stiff ladder of fame. They shined from the early Mughal period till the British periods as able administrators, clever diplomats, military commanders, skilled artisans, renowned poets, eminent lawyers, Judges, surgeons and merchants. Present work has scripted all these roles the Armenians adopted and touched every Indian heart. Maintaining social culture was an integral part of their life. Socially they remained closely knitted. Culturally they were strictly abided by Christianity. They always made their own beautiful Churches. Mortal remains of many great Armenian personalities lay buried in the Church graveyards of Saidabad, Chinsura, Chandannagore, Calcutta and many other places. Many of their monuments stand today as silent witnesses of the once vibrant commercial India, and many of their beautiful Churches stand forgotten today. The Forgotten Church – Remembering Armenians of Saidabad is centered on one such Church, which was built at Saidabad and has since been forgotten.
The years 1450-1650 were a momentous period for the development of Christianity. They witnessed the age of Reformation and Counter-Reformation: perhaps the most important era for the shaping of the faith since its foundation. C Scott Dixon explores how the ideas that went into the making of early modern Christianity re-oriented the Church to such an extent that they gave rise to new versions of the religion. He shows how the varieties and ambivalences of late medieval theology were now replaced by dogmatic certainties, where the institutions of Christian churches became more effective and 'modern', staffed by well-trained clergy. Tracing these changes from the fall of Constantinople to the end of the Thirty Years' War, and treating the High Renaissance and the Reformation as part of the same overall narrative, the author offers an integrated approach to widely different national, social and cultural histories. Moving beyond Protestant and Catholic conflicts, he contrasts Western Christianity with Eastern Orthodoxy, and examines the Church's response to fears of Ottoman domination.
The trade between peoples of differinf cultures, from the ancient world to the commercial revolution.