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It is generally accepted that a new material is often developed by ?nding a new synthesis method of reaction or a new reaction catalyst. Historically, a typical example may be referred to as a Ziegler–Natta catalyst, which has allowed large-scale production of petroleum-based polyole?ns since the middle of the 20th century. New polymer synthesis, therefore, will hopefully lead to creation of new polymer materials in the 21st century. This special issue contributed by three groups focuses on recent advances in polymer synthesis methods, which handle the cutting-edge aspects of the advanced technology. The ?rst article by Yokozawa and coworkers contains an overview of the - action control in various condensation polymerizations (polycondensations). Advanced technologies enabled the control of stereochemistry (regio-, g- metrical-, and enantio-selections), chemoselectivity, chain topology, and st- chiometry of monomers, giving a high molecular weight polymer. It has been recognized for a long time, however, that polycondensation is a dif?cult p- cess in controlling the reaction pathway, because the reaction is of step-growth and the reactivity of monomers, oligomers, and polymers are almost the same during the reaction and hence, the molecular weight of polymers and its d- tribution (M /M ) are impossible to regulate. The authors’ group developed w n a new reaction system (chain-growth condensation polymerization), changing the nature of polycondensation from step-growth to chain-growth; namely the propagating chain-end is active, allowing for control of the product molecular weight as well as the distribution.
Polymers are used in everything from nylon stockings to commercial aircraft to artificial heart valves, and they have a key role in addressing international competitiveness and other national issues. Polymer Science and Engineering explores the universe of polymers, describing their properties and wide-ranging potential, and presents the state of the science, with a hard look at downward trends in research support. Leading experts offer findings, recommendations, and research directions. Lively vignettes provide snapshots of polymers in everyday applications. The volume includes an overview of the use of polymers in such fields as medicine and biotechnology, information and communication, housing and construction, energy and transportation, national defense, and environmental protection. The committee looks at the various classes of polymersâ€"plastics, fibers, composites, and other materials, as well as polymers used as membranes and coatingsâ€"and how their composition and specific methods of processing result in unparalleled usefulness. The reader can also learn the science behind the technology, including efforts to model polymer synthesis after nature's methods, and breakthroughs in characterizing polymer properties needed for twenty-first-century applications. This informative volume will be important to chemists, engineers, materials scientists, researchers, industrialists, and policymakers interested in the role of polymers, as well as to science and engineering educators and students.
Polymers are substances containing a large number of structural units joined by the same type of linkage. These substances often form into a chain-like structure. Starch, cellulose, and rubber all possess polymeric properties. Today, the polymer industry has grown to be larger than the aluminium, copper and steel industries combined. Polymers already have a range of applications that far exceeds that of any other class of material available to man. Current applications extend from adhesives, coatings, foams, and packaging materials to textile and industrial fibres, elastomers, and structural plastics. Polymers are also used for most composites, electronic devices, biomedical devices, optical devices, and precursors for many newly developed high-tech ceramics. This new book presents leading-edge research in this rapidly-changing and evolving field.
The New Frontiers of Organic and Composite Nanotechnology is an attempt to illustrate current status of modern nanotechnology. The book is divided into 3 main sections, introduction and conclusion. The introduction describes general questions of the problem and main lines of the research activities. In the first section methods of the nanostructures construction are described. Second section is dedicated to the Structure-property relationship. Special attention is paid to the description of the most powerful experimental methods and tools used in nanotechnology, such as probe microscopies, spectroscopied, and scattering methods, including the utilization of synchrotron radiation facilities. The third section describes the applications of nanotechnology in electronics, biotechnology and diagnostics. Conclusion part presents a summary of the status of works in this area and gives some perspectives of the further development. - Reference to practically all original works with essential results, that resulted in the development of nanotechnology - Coherent group of well-known authors in the field of nanotechnology - Book spans topics applicable for both the didactic and research
This book subtitled The Chemistry of Initiation of Non-Ringed Compounds/Monomers is the second Volume [Vol. (II)] of the book titled The New Frontiers in Sciences, Engineering and the Arts. For a compound to undergo Initiation, it must be such that has what is called Activation center(s) wherein there are three kinds of many types. When such compounds are activated, they can be made to undergo either polymeric or chemical reactions. When made to undergo polymeric reactions, the compounds are said to be Addition monomers. It is only when the Initiation Step is favoured by the monomer using an Initiator, that the Propagation Step begins, just as when a child is born into our world, the child begins to grow. If the Initiation Step is not favoured, due to presence of what are called Transfer Species, then chemical reactions take place to give non-polymeric products under Equilibrium mechanism conditions. There are different kinds and types of Transfer Species. They are so important to the point where they indeed embrace the first law in Chemistry, that which has been called The law of Conservation of transfer of transfer species, almost analogous to the Conservation laws in Engineering. Based on this law, so many new concepts too countless to list were identified. How some compounds/monomers rearrange to give other compounds/monomers via different kinds of phenomena all new to Present-day Science, have been identified. So also, are the concepts of Resonance Stabilization which was thought to take place chargedly, something very impossible. There are also many monomers which Present-day Science activate chargedly, things all found to be impossible. Indeed, as has been said, all chemical reactions take place only radically, while only some polymeric reactions take place chargedly, in view of the types of mechanisms involved. Different families of compounds/monomers with activation centers, both known and unknown, olefinic and non-olefinic were considered, providing their chemical behaviours under different operating conditions, based on the New Science. Unlike what is known in Present-day Science, there are Males (called Electrophiles) and Females (called Nucleophiles) compounds/monomers; indeed, more of Females than Males. While Males carry at least two different types of Activation centers cumulatively or conjugatedly placed, Females carry one, two or more same types of activation centers. How these monomers all coming from different family trees favour the routes favoured by them have been shown, even to the point where some which could not be polymerized by Present-day Science, can now be polymerized. For the first time, one has shown what the Hydrocarbon family tree looks like. In view of the absence of hetero atoms in the tree, there are no Males for those that carry Activation centers. For the first time, Azo compounds including hydrocarbons have been renamed and reclassified. How they decompose when catalyzed and non-catalyzed, have begun to be shown. They are important, because from there one began to distinguish between surface and laboratory or industrial chemistry. For the first time, one showed how membranes can be obtained from chitins. So also, one has shown how the oxidation of ortho-xylene which Present-day Science thought was also combustion to give phthalic anhydride using vanadium pentoxide takes place. From all indications, a new science has emerged.
Biomimetic and bioinspired membranes are the most promising type of membrane for multiple usage scenarios, including commercial separation applications as well as water and wastewater treatment technologies. In recent years, aquaporin biomimetic membranes (ABMs) for water purification have raised considerable interest. These membranes display uniquely favorable properties and outstanding performances, such as diverse interactions, varied selective transport mechanisms, superior stability, high resistance to membrane fouling, and distinct adaptability. Biomimetic membranes would make a significant contribution to alleviate water stress, environmental threats, and energy consumption.
Photochromism is the reversible phototransformation of a chemical species between two forms having different absorption spectra. During the phototransformation not only the absorption spectra but also various physicochemical properties change, such as the refractive index, dielectric constant, oxidation/reduction potential, and geometrical structure. The property changes can be applied to photonic equipment such as erasable memory media, photo-optical switch components, and display devices. This book compiles the accomplishments of the research project titled “New Frontiers in Photochromism” supported by the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology of Japan. The project focused not only on the above-mentioned classical subjects in photochromism, such as color changes, optical memory, and optical switches, but also on fundamental physicochemical studies and unprecedented application fields that have not yet been explored in photochromism. The latter topics include light-driven mechanical motion, photocontrol of surface wettability, metal deposition on solid materials, photocontrol of chiral properties, ultrafast decoloration dyes, and femtosecond laser experiments, among others.
This contributed volume presents a multi-perspective collection of the latest research findings on oil and gas exploration and imparts insight that can greatly assist in understanding field behavior, design of test programs, and design of field operations. With this book, engineers also gain a powerful guide to the most commonly used numerical simulation methods that aid in reservoir modelling. In addition, the contributors explore development of technologies that allow for cost effective oil and gas exploration while minimizing the impact on our water resources, surface and groundwater aquifers, geological stability of impacted areas, air quality, and infrastructure assets such as roads, pipelines, water, and wastewater networks. Easy to understand, the book identifies equipment and procedural problems inherent to oil and gas operations and provides systematic approaches for solving them.
PSEA'04 Proceedings of the International Conference on New Frontiers of Process Science and Engineering in Advanced Materails, The 14th Iketani Conference, PSEA’04, November, 24-26, 2005 held in Kyoto, Japan