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This dissertation, "Neuroprotective Effect of Ginkgo Biloba Extract on Retinal Ganglion Cells in a Rat Glaucoma Model" by Ching, Lai, 賴晴, was obtained from The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong) and is being sold pursuant to Creative Commons: Attribution 3.0 Hong Kong License. The content of this dissertation has not been altered in any way. We have altered the formatting in order to facilitate the ease of printing and reading of the dissertation. All rights not granted by the above license are retained by the author. Abstract: Abstract of thesis entitled Neuroprotective effect of Ginkgo biloba extract on retinal ganglion cells in a rat glaucoma model submitted by Ching Lai for the degree of Master of Philosophy at the University of Hong Kong in August 2003 Glaucoma is a progressive optic neuropathy that ultimately causes retinal ganglion cell (RGC) death and loss of vision. Current therapies on this disease only aim at controlling intraocular pressure (IOP). However, patients undergoing such therapies may still develop RGCs degeneration. Therefore a new "therapy" has been suggested and is named neuroprotection. Neuroprotection aims at protecting and rescuing RGCs from damage. One suggested neuroprotectant is the Ginkgo biloba extract (GBE). GBE is a traditional Chinese medicine, which has been shown to increase ocular blood flow velocity and thus may improve vision. However, the direct effect of GBE on RGCs survival has not been investigated. Therefore, the objective of this study is to investigate the neuroprotective effect of GBE on RGCs in an ocular hypertension model. By using a laser-induced ocular hypertension model, we have demonstrated the neuroprotective effect of GBE on RGC survival. After administered Sprague- Dawley rats with 12 mg/ml, 120 mg/ml and 200 mg/ml GBE, RGC death observed in experimental glaucoma was virtually abolished. The possible neuroprotective mechanisms of GBE on experimental glaucoma were also examined in this study. It has been proposed that GBE protects neurons by modulating glial responses. We found that the number of OX42 immunopositive microglia was increased after GBE treatment in glaucomatous retinas. Based on the morphological analysis, the numbers of both the resting and activated forms of microglia were increased with GBE administration. The protective effect of GBE on RGCs was partially removed by inhibiting the response of microglia with the microglia inhibitory factor. We have also studied the role of other glial cells in protecting RGCs. Macroglia such as astrocytes and Muller cells were studied by quantifying the GFAP immunolabeled glial cells in the glaucomatous retina. Immunoreactivity of GFAP was enhanced after 1.2 mg/ml, 12 mg/ml and 120 mg/ml GBE treatments. In experiments on different survival periods after GBE administration, GBE was shown to induce an earlier onset and a sustained expression of GFAP in the glaucomatous retina when compared with the controls. Application of GBE may therefore be a potentially useful treatment in preventing the loss of vision in glaucoma patients. DOI: 10.5353/th_b2949405 Subjects: Retinal ganglion cells Ginkgo - Therapeutic use Glaucoma Rats as laboratory animals
Phytochemicals are naturally occurring bioactive compounds found in edible fruits, plants, vegetables, and herbs. Unlike vitamins and minerals, phytochemicals are not needed for the maintenance of cell viability, but they play a vital role in protecting neural cells from inflammation and oxidative stress associated with normal aging and acute and chronic age-related brain diseases. Neuroprotective Effects of Phytochemicals in Neurological Disorders explores the advances in our understanding of the potential neuroprotective benefits that these naturally occurring chemicals contain. Neuroprotective Effects of Phytochemicals in Neurological Disorders explores the role that a number of plant-based chemical compounds play in a wide variety of neurological disorders. Chapters explore the impact of phytochemicals on neurotraumatic disorders, such as stroke and spinal cord injury, alongside neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's Disease, as well as neuropsychiatric disorders such as depression and schizophrenia. The chapters and sections of this book provide the reader with a big picture view of this field of research. Neuroprotective Effects of Phytochemicals in Neurological Disorders aims to present readers with a comprehensive and cutting edge look at the effects of phytochemicals on the brain and neurological disorders in a manner useful to researchers, neuroscientists, clinical nutritionists, and physicians.
"Diet - Brain Connections fills a void between the fields of nutrition, behavior and cellular and molecular neurosciences by providing an integrated collection of articles that critically dissect the link between what we eat and how the brain develops and functions in health and disease ... This book provides an unprecedented resource for scientists in academia and government labs as well as in the pharmaceutical, nutraceutical and food industries" -- Back cover.
The prevalence of diabetes mellitus is increasing rapidly worldwide, implying increases in associated micro- and macrovascular complications. Vascular complications in the heart, brain, and peripheral arteries are more than twice as prevalent in patients with diabetes than in those without diabetes. Nearly 80% of patients with type 2 diabetes die from cardiovascular diseases such as myocardial infarction or stroke. Prevention of vascular complications of diabetes is now an important public health priority worldwide. Statins and aspirin have been used widely to prevent or delay vascular complications in patients with diabetes, but residual risk remains. The development of drug-eluting stents has reduced the incidence of restenosis after coronary intervention, but restenosis of the intervened vessel is still a critical issue. Thus, studies have been focusing on finding new agents for improved treatment of macrovascular complications in patients with type 2 diabetes. Ginkgo biloba extracts have drawn attention in this context because of their antioxidant and anti-platelet properties, and thus their possible protective effects against atherosclerosis. There is substantial evidence supporting a protective role of Ginkgo biloba extracts against atherosclerosis in vitro and in rat models of this disease, however, there are limited data on this issue in humans. In this chapter, we discuss the pleiotropic anti-oxidative and anti-atherosclerotic actions of Ginkgo biloba extracts from a cardiometabolic perspective.
Oxidative Stress and Dietary Antioxidants in Neurological Diseases provides an overview of oxidative stress in neurological diseases and associated conditions, including behavioral aspects and the potentially therapeutic usage of natural antioxidants in the diet. The processes within the science of oxidative stress are described in concert with other processes, such as apoptosis, cell signaling, and receptor mediated responses. This approach recognizes that diseases are often multifactorial and oxidative stress is a single component of this. The book examines basic processes of oxidative stress—from molecular biology to whole organs—relative to cellular defense systems, and across a range of neurological diseases. Sections discuss antioxidants in foods, including plants and components of the diet, examining the underlying mechanisms associated with therapeutic potential and clinical applications. Although some of this material is exploratory or preclinical, it can provide the framework for further in-depth analysis or studies via well-designed clinical trials or the analysis of pathways, mechanisms, and components in order to devise new therapeutic strategies. Very often oxidative stress is a feature of neurological disease and associated conditions which either centers on or around molecular and cellular processes. Oxidative stress can also arise due to nutritional imbalance during a spectrum of timeframes before the onset of disease or during its development. Offers an overview of oxidative stress from molecular biology to whole organs Discusses the potentially therapeutic usage of natural antioxidants in the patient diet Provides the framework for further in-depth analysis or studies of potential treatments
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) accounts for up to one-third of combat-related injuries in Iraq and Afghanistan, according to some estimates. TBI is also a major problem among civilians, especially those who engage in certain sports. At the request of the Department of Defense, the IOM examined the potential role of nutrition in the treatment of and resilience against TBI.