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Essays by prominent political theorists representing the two dominant schools of international relations, neoliberalism and neorealism.
Neorealism is the school of international relations that emphasizes the role of inter-state power struggles in world affairs.This volume features essays by both its most prominent exponents and its principal critics.
Neorealists argue that all states aim to acquire power and that state cooperation can therefore only be temporary, based on a common opposition to a third country. This view condemns the world to endless conflict for the indefinite future. Based upon careful attention to actual historical outcomes, this book contends that, while some countries and leaders have demonstrated excessive power drives, others have essentially underplayed their power and sought less position and influence than their comparative strength might have justified. Featuring case studies from across the globe, History and Neorealism examines how states have actually acted. The authors conclude that leadership, domestic politics, and the domain (of gain or loss) in which they reside play an important role along with international factors in raising the possibility of a world in which conflict does not remain constant and, though not eliminated, can be progressively reduced.
This volume addresses the influence of Italian neorealist films on world cinema well beyond the post-World War II period associated with the movement. Despite its lack of organization and relatively short life span, the Italian neorealist movement deeply influenced directors and film traditions around the world. This collection examines the impact of Italian neorealism beyond the period of 1945-52, the years conventionally connected to the movement, and beyond the postwar Italian film industry where the movement originated. Providing a refreshing aesthetic and ideological contrast to mainstream Hollywood films, neorealist filmmakers demonstrated not only how an engaging narrative technique could be brought to bear upon social issues but also how cinema could shape and redefine national identity. The fourteen essays in Italian Neorealism and Global Cinema consider films from Italy, India, Brazil, Africa, the Czech Republic, postwar Germany, Hong Kong, the United States, France, Belgium, Colombia, and Great Britain. Each essay explores neorealism's complex relationship to a different national film tradition, style, or historical period, illustrating the profound impact of neorealism and the ways it continues to complicate the relationship between ideas of nation, national cinema, and national identity. Many of the essays identify similar themes or motifs adapted from neorealism, and several essays address a politicized national film tradition that developed in opposition to a monolithic Western aesthetic. In all, Italian Neorealism and Global Cinema provides a novel critical understanding of the wide-ranging international impact of a short period in Italian cultural history. Film scholars and students of film history will appreciate this insightful text.
Seminar paper from the year 2006 in the subject Politics - International Politics - General and Theories, grade: 1.6, The Australian National University, 0 entries in the bibliography, language: English, abstract: Contemporary theory of International Relations is a continuous scholarly battleground for various schools of thought. This paper will scrutinize two prevailing theories of neorealism and neoliberalism, namely Kenneth Waltz's concept of political structures juxtaposed with Robert O. Keohane's neoliberal institutionalism. To arrive at a critical conclusion that explains which of the two constructs stand a better chance of successfully explaining the most fundamental workings of the international system of states, a four-part sequence is proposed in this paper. Firstly, this paper will explain how both authors define their assumed principles and how those assumptions are summarised in relation to the international system. Secondly it will demonstrate where the author's ideas intersect and/or divert from the other. Thirdly, it will examine if it is feasible to classify the ideas as distinct theories or if it is perhaps more accurate to see Keohane's work as an alteration to neorealist theory. Finally, by equating the logical consequences of the findings in the preceding sections, this paper will conclude with a restrictive formulation of the more convincing idea within the confines of the two texts. Waltz commences his 1979 chapter on political structures in "Theory of International Politics" by stressing the need for a system theory of international politics, which is set apart from economic, social and other international realms. He adapts the idea of structure predominately used by economists and anthropologists. Waltz is particularly interested in the creation and interaction of the units within the system and amongst each other, as well as the forces and outcomes that the units entail. By setting aside "the characteristics of units, their behaviour, and t
A reinterpretation of world politics drawing on Chinese cultural and philosophical traditions to argue for a focus on relations amongst actors, rather than on the actors individually.
Seminar paper from the year 2006 in the subject Politics - General and Theories of International Politics, grade: 1.6, The Australian National University, language: English, abstract: Contemporary theory of International Relations is a continuous scholarly battleground for various schools of thought. This paper will scrutinize two prevailing theories of neorealism and neoliberalism, namely Kenneth Waltz’s concept of political structures juxtaposed with Robert O. Keohane’s neoliberal institutionalism. To arrive at a critical conclusion that explains which of the two constructs stand a better chance of successfully explaining the most fundamental workings of the international system of states, a four-part sequence is proposed in this paper. Firstly, this paper will explain how both authors define their assumed principles and how those assumptions are summarised in relation to the international system. Secondly it will demonstrate where the author’s ideas intersect and/or divert from the other. Thirdly, it will examine if it is feasible to classify the ideas as distinct theories or if it is perhaps more accurate to see Keohane’s work as an alteration to neorealist theory. Finally, by equating the logical consequences of the findings in the preceding sections, this paper will conclude with a restrictive formulation of the more convincing idea within the confines of the two texts. Waltz commences his 1979 chapter on political structures in “Theory of International Politics” by stressing the need for a system theory of international politics, which is set apart from economic, social and other international realms. He adapts the idea of structure predominately used by economists and anthropologists. Waltz is particularly interested in the creation and interaction of the units within the system and amongst each other, as well as the forces and outcomes that the units entail. By setting aside “the characteristics of units, their behaviour, and their interactions” and focusing purely on their position within the structure instead, Waltz argues that an abstract theory of the system will more precisely explain how the structure of political systems affects the agencies, its units, thereby minimising confusion between system and unit level causalities. As Waltz continues his deductive approach to political systems he constitutes structure and interacting units.
Nicolas Fromm explores norm-based strategies small states can use to distinguish themselves internationally in order to compensate for their lesser geopolitical weight. Using the example of Qatar, the author shows that such strategies might include a sort of norm entrepreneurship which goes beyond the advocacy of universal norms and implies the development of genuinely new norms (‘norm crafting’) in pursuit of regional political influence. To shed light on the stunning rise of Qatar from a background actor to a protagonist in international diplomacy, the case study analyses the distinctive use of norm crafting in the country’s Middle East diplomacy under the reign of Emir Hamad (1995-2013). To unfold the potential of strategic normative innovation, Qatar seems to have imitated the attitudes and attributes of established norm entrepreneurs such as international organizations.
The political transformations of the 1980s and 1990s have dramatically affected models of national and international security. Particularly since the end of the Cold War, scholars have been uncertain about how to interpret the effects of major shifts in the balance of power. Are we living today in a unipolar, bipolar, or multipolar world? Are we moving toward an international order that makes the recurrence of major war in Europe or Asia highly unlikely or virtually inevitable? Is ideological conflict between states diminishing or increasing?