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This important project report provides a methodological and historical framework for the identification and evaluation of significant Cold War resources associated with the Navy's guided missile program. The study examines the technological developments associated with the Navy's guided missile program, as well as the evolution of its research, development, test, and evaluation (RDT&E) mission; educational and training activities; and logistical operations. This demonstration project was conducted as part of Legacy's Cold War Task Area, which was established under Legacy's ninth legislative purpose. Cold War material culture encompasses a wide range of resources, including textual and nontextual materials, artifacts, buildings, structures, sites, objects, and landscapes. This project was intended to provide guidance in identifying and evaluating real property located on Navy installations; the study does not address written materials or museum artifacts. The study also does not address real property beyond the realm of Navy bases, such as defense contractor sites owned by the Department of the Navy. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY * CHAPTER I - INTRODUCTION * Cultural Resource Management in the Department of Defense * Previous Investigations * Legacy Resource Management Program * Legacy Demonstration Project #122: Navy Cold War Guided Missile Context * Objectives of Demonstration Project #122 * How to Use the Navy Cold War Guided Missile Context in the Identification of Cultural Resources * How to Use the Navy Cold War Guided Missile Context in the Evaluation of Cultural Resources * How to Use the Navy Cold War Guided Missile Context in the Treatment of Cultural Resources * CHAPTER II - METHODOLOGY * Archival Research * Field Investigations * Data Synthesis * Report Organization * CHAPTER III - CHRONOLOGICAL OVERVIEW * Introduction * PART I: HISTORY OF THE NAVY DURING THE COLD WAR, 1946 - 1989 * The Truman and Eisenhower Years: 1946-1960 * National Security Policy * Beginnings of the Cold War In Europe * Asia and the Korean Conflict * Nuclear Weapons * The Cold War During the Eisenhower Administration * The United States Military * The Navy * The 1960s and Vietnam: 1961-1972 * National Security Policy * The Military Establishment * The Navy * The Post-Vietnam Era: 1973-1989 * National Security Policy * The Navy * PART II: THE U.S. NAVY'S ROLE IN THE COLD WAR GUIDED MISSILE PROGRAM, 1946-1989 * Introduction * Navy Guided Missiles * Beginnings of Navy Guided Missiles: pre-1946 * Pilotless Aircraft and Assault Drones * The Navy's First Experiments with Guided Missiles * Bureau of Ordnance (BuOrd) Activities * German Missiles * The Truman and Eisenhower Years: 1946-1960 * Strategic Missiles * Tactical Missiles: Surface-Launched * Tactical Missiles: Air-Launched * The 1960s and Vietnam: 1961-1972 * Strategic Missiles * Tactical Missiles: Shipboard-Launched * Tactical Missiles: Air-Launched * The Post-Vietnam Era: 1973-1989 * Strategic Missiles * The New Generation of Cruise Missiles * Air Defense Missiles * Aviation Weapons * PART III. ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL EFFECTS OF NAVY GUIDED MISSILES * Economic Consequences of the Military-Industrial Complex * Nuclear Warfare and American Culture * CHAPTER IV - THEME STUDIES * Introduction * PART I: GUIDED MISSILE RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT * Introduction * Origins of the Navy's Guided Missile Program: 1939-1945 * The Earliest Efforts at Missile Guidance * Early Collaboration with Private Academic Institutions * Navy Installations Active in Early Missile R&D * Truman and Eisenhower Years: 1946-1960 * Missile Guidance Systems Became Increasingly Sophisticated * The Importance of Academic Institutions in Missile R&D Continues
This important project report provides a chronological overview of the Navy's communications activities, which examines the technological developments of the Navy's shore-based communications systems and identifies the principal installations involved in the Navy's communications efforts The study also examines the property types associated with the Navy's Cold War communication program, such as transmitter stations, receiver stations, high frequency direction finder (HF/DF) stations, and the various antenna types. The Navy Cold War Communication Context was undertaken to develop a national historic context for the Navy's Cold War communication program between 1946 and 1989, and was designed to serve as a companion volume to the Legacy-funded Navy Cold War Guided Missile Context. CHAPTER I * INTRODUCTION * Overview of Project * Research Objectives * Previous Investigations * CHAPTER II * METHODOLOGY * Archival Research * Field Investigations * Data Synthesis * Organization of the Report * CHAPTER III * THE U.S. NAVY'S ROLE IN THE COLD WAR COMMUNICATION PROGRAM, 1946-1989 * Introduction * Early Wireless Communications: 1900-1920 * Navy's Early interest in Wireless Technology * Establishing a Chain of High-Powered Communication Stations * Research and Development (R&D) Efforts During World War I * Expansion of the Navy's Communication Network During World War I * The Electronics Age and Depression Years: 1920s-1930s * Post War Organization of the Naval Shore System * Upgrading the Navy's Radio Stations * Postwar R&D Activities Naval Communications During World War II: 1940-1945 * Developments in Radar Technology * Naval Intelligence Efforts * Expansion of the Navy's Communication Network * Reorganization of the Naval Communication Program. Truman and Eisenhower Years: 1946-1960 * Establishment of the Intelligence Community * Expansion of the Military's Surveillance Network * Formation of the Naval Communication System * Continued R&D Efforts * Expansion of the Navy's Shore Facilities * Establishment of the Naval Security Group Activity (NSGA) * The Vietnam Era: 1961-1972 * Expansion of the U.S. Naval Communication Station (NAVCOMSTA), Roosevelt Roads, Puerto Rico * Role of Early Satellite Communications * The Navy's Satellite Communication Research Facilities * Post-Vietnam Era: 1973-1989 * Advancements in Satellite Communications * Role of Military Communications and Surveillance Activities Conclusion * CHAPTER IV * PROPERTY TYPES ASSOCIATED WITH THE NAVY'S SHORE-BASED COMMUNICATION PROGRAM * Introduction * SHORE-BASED COMMUNICATIONS FACILITIES * Classification of Shore Communication Facilities * Transmitters Versus Receivers * RECEIVER STATIONS * Introduction * Evolution of Receiver Stations * Associated Property Types * Antenna Array * Receiver Building * Support Buildings * TRANSMITTER STATIONS * Introduction * Evolution of Transmitter Stations * Associated Property Types * Antenna Array * Transmitter Buildings * Helix Houses * Support Buildings * COMMUNICATION CENTERS * Introduction * Evolution of Communication Center * Associated Property Types * Terminal Equipment (TE) Buildings * Satellite Communications (SATCOMM) Earth Stations * DIRECTION FINDER (D/F) STATIONS * Introduction * Evolution of D/F Stations * Associated Property Types * Antenna Array * Operations Building * Antenna Maintenance Shop * SHORE-BASED COMMUNICATIONS AND SURVEILLANCE SYSTEMS * Classification of the Navy's Communications Systems * Strategic Versus Tactical Systems * The Navy's Frequency Spectrum * Radio Wave Propagation * SEARCH RADARS * Introduction * Evolution of Search Radars * Associated Property Types * Over-the-Horizon (OTH) Radars * AN/FPS-117 Radar * Phased Array Radars * DIRECTION FINDERS (D/F)
A fully illustrated study of the Soviet Navy's biggest and most powerful surface combatants of the Cold War. Heavily armed and formidable, guided missile cruisers formed the core of the Soviet Navy during the Cold War. From the last class of conventional Sverdlov-class cruisers through to increasingly complex and formidable missile cruisers, these ships ensured that NATO took the Soviet naval threat seriously. Soviet Cold War Guided Missile Cruisers covers all classes of these impressive warships, from the early Sverdlov through the Kynda, Kresta, Kara and Slava to the enormous Kirov classes. Together, these vessels marked the apogee of Soviet naval technology and capability and they remain today the largest non-aircraft carrier warships built since 1945. Containing material previously only available in Russian and fully researched from specialist defence journals, this comprehensive volume examines the design, development, and intended role of these impressive, hi-tech warships, and recounts their dramatic operational history as NATO and Soviet warships faced off against each other during the long Cold War at sea.
Deterrence as a strategic concept evolved during the Cold War. During that period, deterrence strategy was aimed mainly at preventing aggression against the United States and its close allies by the hostile Communist power centers--the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) and its allies, Communist China and North Korea. In particular, the strategy was devised to prevent aggression involving nuclear attack by the USSR or China. Since the end of the Cold War, the risk of war among the major powers has subsided to the lowest point in modern history. Still, the changing nature of the threats to American and allied security interests has stimulated a considerable broadening of the deterrence concept. Post-Cold War Conflict Deterrence examines the meaning of deterrence in this new environment and identifies key elements of a post-Cold War deterrence strategy and the critical issues in devising such a strategy. It further examines the significance of these findings for the U.S. Navy and Marine Corps. Quantitative and qualitative measures to support judgments about the potential success or failure of deterrence are identified. Such measures will bear on the suitability of the naval forces to meet the deterrence objectives. The capabilities of U.S. naval forces that especially bear on the deterrence objectives also are examined. Finally, the book examines the utility of models, games, and simulations as decision aids in improving the naval forces' understanding of situations in which deterrence must be used and in improving the potential success of deterrence actions.
The Soviet Union's cruise missile submarines from the modified Whiskey, to the Oscar II classes were among the most formidable vessels of the Cold War. They were initially designed to carry land attack nuclear-tipped cruise missiles designed to strike targets on the eastern coast of the United States. By the late 1960s, however, submarine-launched ballistic missiles made the nuclear land-attack mission unnecessary, so existing classes were converted to the 'carrier killer' role, armed with anti-ship cruise missiles designed to destroy US super-carriers and other important naval targets. This fully illustrated study examines these powerful machines that were some of the largest and fastest submarines ever built. If war had broken out, they would have been at the forefront of the Soviet Navy's campaign to destroy NATO's sea power and cut America's sea link with Europe.
Fundamentals of missile and nuclear weapons systems are presented in this book which is primarily prepared as the second text of a three-volume series for students of the Navy Reserve Officers' Training Corps and the Officer Candidate School. Following an introduction to guided missiles and nuclear physics, basic principles and theories are discussed with a background of the factors affecting missile flight, airframes, missile propulsion systems, control components and systems, missile guidance, guided missile ships and systems, nuclear weapons, and atomic warfare defense. In the area of missile guidance, further explanations are made of command guidance, beam-rider methods, homing systems, preset guidance, and navigational guidance systems. Effects of nuclear weapons are also described in categories of air, surface, subsurface, underwater, underground, and high-altitude bursts as well as various kinds of damages and injuries. Besides illustrations for explanation purposes, a table of atomic weights and a glossary of general terms are provided in the appendices.
This historical research study traces and analyzes the technological development and force deployment of US submarine-launched strategic nuclear ballistic missiles, and the evolution of their military missions - during and after the Cold War - from countervalue (civilian, political and economic targets) strategic deterrence to the wider range of strategic and theater-tactical nuclear/conventional military force targeting, characteristic of counterforce or warfighting capabilities. Scope of this study also includes: US nuclear ballistic missile submarine survivability against antisubmarine warfare operations, and the role of the US fleet ballistic missile force in current 21st Century regional and global military threat scenarios, and beyond.
Contents: (1) Introduction; (2) Background: The Strategic Triad: Force Structure and Size During the Cold War; Force Structure and Size After the Cold War; Future Force Structure and Size; (3) Strategic Nuclear Delivery Vehicles: Ongoing Plans and Programs: (a) Intercontinental Ballistic Missiles: Peacekeeper; Minuteman III; Minuteman Modernization Programs; Future Programs; (b) Submarine Launched Ballistic Missiles: The SSGN Program; The Backfit Program; Basing Changes; Warhead Issues; Modernization Plans and Programs; Future Programs; (c) Bombers: B-1 Bomber; B-2 Bomber; B-52 Bomber; Future Bomber Plans; (4) Issues for Congress: Force Size; Force Structure; Safety, Security, and Management Issues. Illustrations.
How nuclear weapons helped drive the United States into the missile age. The intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM), designed to quickly deliver thermonuclear weapons to distant targets, was the central weapons system of the Cold War. ICBMs also carried the first astronauts and cosmonauts into orbit. More than a generation later, we are still living with the political, technological, and scientific effects of the space race, while nuclear-armed ICBMs remain on alert and in the headlines around the world. In The Bomb and America’s Missile Age, Christopher Gainor explores the US Air Force’s (USAF) decision, in March 1954, to build the Atlas, America’s first ICBM. Beginning with the story of the guided missiles that were created before and during World War II, Gainor describes how the early Soviet and American rocket programs evolved over the course of the following decade. He argues that the USAF was wrongly criticized for unduly delaying the start of its ICBM program, endangering national security, and causing America embarrassment when a Soviet ICBM successfully put Sputnik into orbit ahead of any American satellite. Shedding fresh light on the roots of America’s space program and the development of US strategic forces, The Bomb and America’s Missile Age uses evidence uncovered in the past few decades to set the creation of the Atlas ICBM in its true context—not only in the America of the postwar years but also in comparison with the real story of the Soviet missiles that propelled the space race and the Cold War. Aimed at readers interested in the history of the Cold War and of space exploration, the book makes a major contribution to the history of rocket development and the nuclear age.