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The Office of Naval Research (ONR) has the responsibility for defining and sponsoring research and development (R & D) necessary to support both the current and future requirements of the Navy and Marine Corps. To accomplish this mission ONR must fund a broad spectrum of research, ranging from basic research needed to open up new options for the long-term, to very near-term advanced technology development to support the current fleet. Moreover, ONR must make its R & D funding decisions in the presence of uncertainty: uncertainty in required capabilities, uncertainty in performance requirements, and uncertainty in the feasibility of a technology or R & D approach. This report describes the adaptation of an R & D portfolio management decision framework recently developed by RAND (Silberglitt and Sherry; 2002), PortMan, to support ONR's R & D decision-making, and the demonstration of its use via a case study evaluation of 20 sample ONR applied research projects.
Addressing all those interested in the history of American science and concerned with its future, a leading scholar of public policy explains how and why the Office of Naval Research became the first federal agency to support a wide range of scientific work in universities. Harvey Sapolsky shows that the ONR functioned as a "surrogate national science foundation" between 1946 and 1950 and argues that its activities emerged not from any particularly enlightened position but largely from a bureaucratic accident. Once involved with basic research, however, the ONR challenged a Navy skeptical of the value of independent scientific advice and established a national security rationale that gave American science its Golden Age. Eventually, the ONR's autonomy was worn away in bureaucratic struggles, but Sapolsky demonstrates that its experience holds lessons for those who are committed to the effective management of science and interested in the ability of scientists to choose the directions for their research. As military support for basic research fades, scientists are discovering that they are unprotected from the vagaries of distributive politics. Originally published in 1990. The Princeton Legacy Library uses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. These editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback and hardcover editions. The goal of the Princeton Legacy Library is to vastly increase access to the rich scholarly heritage found in the thousands of books published by Princeton University Press since its founding in 1905.