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This Symposium provided the opportunity to review progress after more than 10 years of research and development in the field of natural gas conversion. Oxidative coupling of methane as a route to higher value fuels or feedstock was a major part of the program. The advances in understanding of reaction mechanisms and catalyst structure were discussed in a Plenary paper and in many of the contributed papers.The homogeneous gas phase chemistry involved in methane oxidation is relevant not only to oxidative coupling but also to synthesis gas and methanol production via partial oxidation. This field is reviewed in a Plenary paper and contributed papers describe developments in catalysts and technology for partial oxidation to synthesis gas and to methanol. An alternative route to synthesis gas from methane currently receiving attention is carbon dioxide reforming. This technology is reviewed in a Plenary paper and recent advances are described in contributed papers. The first detailed account of the Shell SMDS Fischer-Tropsch process for production of transport fuels from natural gas recently commercialised in Malaysia is given in this book. Papers discuss structural aspects of Fischer-Tropsch catalysts, modifications of Fischer-Tropsch catalysts to produce light olefins, and the possibilities of operating a Fischer-Tropsch process off-shore. Methanol as an intermediate in natural gas conversion continues to attract attention, and methanol synthesis and conversion are discussed in contributed papers. The possibilities of finding new uses for methane are treated in a Plenary paper and arguments for using methane as a fuel rather than a feedstock are also presented. Among the new uses of methane considered are the generation of electricity in fuel cells and the use of methane as a reductant for NOx emissions.The papers will be of interest to scientists and engineers working in the field of gas conversion, transportation fuels, primary petrochemicals and catalysis.
Solid acid catalysts are already being used in various processes in petroleum refining and are presently being studied intensively in both academic and applied fields for usage in a variety of reactions. Solid base catalysts are also gaining increasing recognition as potential catalysts. Both acidic and basic catalysts are promising not only with respect to acid and base-catalyzed reactions but also in materials sciences, such as the production of adsorbents, sensors, ceramics, etc.The present volume presents the text of 21 invited oral presentations and 58 poster presentations. The material covers a wide range of aspects on acid-base catalysis, from quantum chemistry to industrialized processes.
Recent development of olefin polymerization catalysts has caused marked changes in both industrial and academic research. Industrial use of homogeneous metallocene catalysts has already begun in the fields of high density polyethylene and syndiotactic polypropylene. Moreover, important data have been obtained from academic investigations which have proved useful for understanding conventional heterogeneous Ziegler-Natta catalysts. From the industrial viewpoint, however, heterogeneous high-yield catalysts seem to be more important.The present volume contains invited lectures and contributed papers. The following topics are covered: (1) Heterogeneous Catalysts, (2) Metallocene Catalysts and (3) New Trends in the Polyolefin Industry.
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Natural gas, an abundant natural energy and chemical resource, is underutilized. Its inherent high energy content is compromised by its volatility. Storage and transportation problems abound for liquified natural gas. Several of the drawbacks of the utilization of natural gas, particularly its high volatility, could be offset by development of an economical and efficient process for coupling and/or further homologation of its principal component, methane. Alternatively, other conversion strategies such as partial oxidation to methanol and syngas, to oxygenates or conversion to such products via the intermediacy of chlorides should also be considered. Given the energy-intensive regimes necessary for the likely activation of methane, it was inevitable that researchers would tum to the use of heterogeneous catalysts. Heterogeneous catalysis is now a relatively mature discipline with numerous and diverse reactions being explored alongside informative studies on surface characterization, mechanism, and theory. Relationships to important related areas such as homogeneous catalysis, organometallic chemistry, and inorganic chemistry have become firmly established within this discipline. The field of methane and alkane activation is now over ten years old. The first decade of investigation produced results plagued by low yields and low-moderate conversions with well-articulated mechanistic limitations. As we begin the second decade of inquiry, novel strategies have brought increasing yields and conversions to such products as ethane, ethylene, methanol, and formaldehyde. These new approaches utilize separation of products via membranes or adsorbents. Moreover, additional mechanistic insight has been forthcoming from theoretical and computational examination as well as experimental investigation.
This volume comprises the proceedings of the TOCAT 2 Conference. The papers are grouped in three categories: plenary lectures, oral presentations and papers presented in the industrial poster sessions.