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This document has been produced in response to concerns raised by both forest owners and managers, and nature conservationists, over the management of forests in Natura 2000 sites and to take account of the new threats and opportunities that have become apparent since the last guidance was published. To address these concerns, the Commission services of DG Environment and DG Agriculture set up an ad-hoc working group in 2012 to bring together different stakeholders and allow for a full and frank discussion on the aims of Natura 2000 and its implications for landowners and managers whose forests are included in Natura 2000.
A one-of-a-kind introduction to the major issues and controversies dominating the heated debate over U.S. forest policy today. Forest Conservation Policy: A Reference Handbook chronicles the dramatic history, current status, and global influence of U.S. forest policy. Beginning with the foundations of early forest law during the colonial period through the rise of the Conservation Movement in the wake of 19th century massive forest exploitation, this reference also discusses the environmental challenges that have rewritten recent U.S. forest policy and explores future policy directions. What are the effects of forest destruction on biological diversity? Has the sustainable forest management movement been effective? Given the fact that individual landowners control the greatest share of U.S. forestland, how are forests on private lands regulated? Students and concerned citizens alike will discover answers to these and other critical questions regarding what is left of the nation's dwindling forests.
The newly adopted Green Infrastructure Strategy is a key step in implementing targets of the European Biodiversity Strategy to 2020 (EBS). This study responds to policy needs for target 2 on ecosystems conditions and services, target 1 on implementing and enhancing coherence of the Natura 2000 network and sub-target 3b on integrating environmental concerns in forest management. Protected areas such as Natura 2000 sites form the backbone of Green Infrastructure. Their connectivity and integration in the unprotected landscape are essential to enable the movement and dispersal of species, to reduce the fragmentation of habitats and to render ecosystems more healthy and resilient. Connectivity of protected sites depends on the area of site, inter-site distances and landscape suitability (hostile and favourable land uses for species dispersal and movement).^This report describes the JRC integrated model and derived results on the connectivity of Natura 2000 sites (only sites including forest). The model allows a harmonized, easily reproducible and automated EU wide assessment and comparison across countries. The Natura 2000 network is first characterised structurally in terms of simple (physically isolated) and complex sub-nets (spatially connected sites). Natura 2000 shares of complex sub-nets range from 40% in Bulgaria to 5% in Latvia. Second, the functional connectivity of the Natura 2000 subnets is addressed to tackle fragmentation by grey infrastructure including roads and intensive agriculture for species dispersing 500 m in average. A European-wide land use based friction map was created as a proxy of landscape suitability to measure functional (least-cost) distances between sub-nets.^Functional connectivity was assessed according to two foci: one focused more on the area of subnets, another one on the inter-site landscape suitability and distances. The site area weighted index values ranges from 15 % (Denmark) to 78% (Malta). Best connected subnets with respect to inter-site landscape and distance were in Bulgaria, Belgium, Portugal, Ireland and Malta. High shares of functionally isolated subnets were in Greece, Denmark and Portugal. Functionally isolated sites and sites of key importance for connectivity were identified for two countries. The JRC model and derived analysis constitute a potential input to help building a Green Infrastructure in Europe. It allows the connectivity of protected areas to be assessed, isolated areas to be identified. It could guide regional landscape planning of forest conservation and restoration efforts.^It could also contribute data and indicators relevant to the Habitat Directive (Article 10), to Rural Development Programmes (CMEF), the Water Framework Directive (NWRMs), and Target 1, 2 and 3 of the EBS.
Management of pine forest containing endemic black pines should involve adequate representation of associated species and formation of irregular structures, containing trees of various ages, including very old specimens in order to secure genetic variability and an appropriate amount of dead wood. The importance of maintaining a certain volume of dead wood to assure biodiversity conservation and forest functionality has been acknowledged at international level.