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Since the rise of globalism in the post-Cold War era, neoliberalism and free trade have generally characterized politics in democratic nations. However, in recent years, nationalism has been on the rise in countries around the world, including the United States. Events like the Brexit referendum and the 2016 U.S. presidential election have brought the related issues of nationalism, nativism, and patriotism to the forefront, but much confusion exists when discussing these concepts. The viewpoints presented in this volume clarify the distinctions and interconnections between these concepts while presenting a variety of viewpoints on their role in domestic and global politics.
In the decades following the end of the Cold War, scholars turned their attention to reevaluating patriotism. Many saw both its ability to serve as a cohesive force and its desirability as a political and moral concept waning in a time of peace and globalization. The shock of September 11 shook this assessment, as it brought a new surge of patriotism to America. In this volume, nine authors debate the consequences of the 21st century's patriotic resurgence, examining it both in theoretical and comparative terms that draw on examples of patriotism from ancient Greece to post-apartheid South Africa. Each author has chosen a different angle of approach, examining a variety of interlinking questions. Should patriotism be defined to enhance universalistic concerns or is its particularistic vantage point the source of its virtue? Is patriotism a concept prone to manipulation by elites or is it a source of independent judgments by citizens? If patriotism is love of one's country, how is that love best expressed? Is such love demonstrated by fidelity, gratitude, compassion, remembrance, shame, dissent, or some combination? Joined together by Philip Abbott's incisive introduction, the essays illuminate the many-faceted nature of patriotism today. Published in cooperation with The Center for the Study of Citizenship at Wayne State University.
Nation Into State: The Shifting Symbolic Foundations of American Nationalism
Amitai Etzioni has made his reputation by transcending unwieldy, and even dangerous, binaries such as left/right or globalism/nativism. In his new book, Etzioni calls for nothing less than a social transformation—led by a new social movement—to save our world’s democracies, currently under threat in today’s volatile and profoundly divided political environments. The United States, along with scores of other nations, has seen disturbing challenges to the norms and institutions of our democratic society, particularly in the rise of exclusive forms of nationalism and populism. Focusing on nations as the core elements of global communities, Etzioni envisions here a patriotic movement that rebuilds rather than splits communities and nations. Beginning with moral dialogues that seek to find common ground in our values and policies, Etzioni sets out a path toward cultivating a "good" form of nationalism based on this shared understanding of the common good. Working to broaden civic awareness and participation, this approach seeks to suppress neither identity politics nor special interests in its efforts to lead us to work productively with others. Reclaiming Patriotism offers a hopeful and pragmatic solution to our current crisis in democracy—a patriotic movement that could have a transformative, positive impact on our foreign policy, the world order, and the future of capitalism.
David Bennett presents a ground-breaking historical analysis of the forces shaping nativist and counter-subversive activity in America from colonial times to the present. He demonstrates that in this nation of immigrants the American Right did not emerge form postfeudal parties of privilege or from the social chaos that bred a Hitler of Mussolini in Europe.
Nativist movements have been a common staple throughout the history of the United States. The outbreak of the First World War in 1914 merely contributed to this sentiment, igniting a fierce wave of anti-immigrant fervor across the country. German Americans, the largest minority within the United States at the outbreak of World War I, were the primary target of this mentality and found themselves in an increasingly precarious situation amongst their fellow compatriots as the war progressed. Despite the nation’s self-declared neutrality, the United States would increasingly lean pro-Entente thanks to a myriad of propaganda and Central Power missteps. Many German Americans retained customs from their homeland, a fact that led to feelings of suspicion, and often reaction, amongst nativist Americans. German American sympathy for the Central Powers, especially Germany and the Austro-Hungarian Empire, merely cemented this distrust. Both former President Theodore Roosevelt and then-President Woodrow Wilson played key roles in inciting the growing nativist movements within the country. Roosevelt, with his rhetoric on the superiority of “Americanism,” fiercely attacked the German American community for their “hyphenated Americanism.” Their seeming inability to assimilate into American culture, to Roosevelt, was tantamount to treason. Woodrow Wilson, despite being ideologically opposed politically to Roosevelt, helped reinforce the nativist mentality with his own actions before and after the United States’ entry into the conflict. The Committee on Public Information, a propaganda organ that touted the righteousness of Americanism that was created and wholly supported by Wilson, frequently targeted the German American elements within the United States. These ideologies enabled and legitimized the platforms held by the many patriotic organizations within the United States, such as the National Security League and the Vigilantes. These organizations, often nationalistic at heart, sought to mobilize American opinion into a singular line, one that had no tolerance for the alleged disloyalty of the unassimilated immigrant. By utilizing the numerous literature of the era, as well as the private letters of the actors themselves, this thesis both explores and analyzes the depths of the nativist movements within the United States during the Great War. In doing so, it showcases the complex, and often contradictory, interplay that existed between nativists and immigrant communities within the country
Increasingly, many people in democracies are turning to a strongarm politics for reassurance against globalization, uncertainty and precarity. In countries ranging from the US and the UK to Brazil, India and Turkey, support has grown for a nativist politics attacking migrants, minorities, liberals and elites as enemies of the nation. Is there a politics of belonging that progressive forces could mobilize to counteract these trends? After Nativism takes up this question, arguing that disarming nativism will require more than improving the security and wellbeing of the ‘left-behind’. The lines drawn by nativism are of an affective nature about imagined community, with meanings of belonging and voice lying at the heart of popular perceptions of just dues. This, argues Ash Amin, is the territory that progressive forces – liberal, social democratic, socialist – need to reclaim in order to shift public sentiment away from xenophobic intolerance towards one of commonality amid difference as a basis for facing existential risk and uncertainty. The book proposes a relational politics of belonging premised on the encounter, fugitive aesthetics, public interest politics, collaboration over common existential threats, and daily collectives and infrastructures of wellbeing. There is ground for progressives to mount a counter-aesthetics of belonging that will convince the discontents of neoliberal globalization that there is a better alternative to nativism.
Nationalism and patriotism are two of the most powerful forces shaping world history. Maurizio Viroli's wide-ranging study shows exactly why patriotism is a political virtue and nationalism a political vice.