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This thesis describes the use of inorganic nanomaterials for spectroscopic applications in biomedical imaging in vitro and ex vivo as well as in diagnostic sensor applications. Nanomaterials exhibit unique electronic, optical, magnetic, and chemical properties due to their small size and low dimensionality compared with their bulk counterparts. Exploitation of these phenomena has been the subject of much research in the past few decades, since Feynman famously informed us that there is "Plenty of Room at the Bottom." Components of relatively large chemical systems, quantum physical systems, and biomolecules converge in the nanometer size range, the so-called "nano-bio interface." Control of objects on this length scale affords a wealth of potential applications in biomedicine. However, inorganic nanomaterials and biological systems are not without their incompatibilities. Chemical modification and surface engineering are necessary to successfully employ nanomaterials in biological applications. To exploit the inherent optical properties of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) in sensitive and multiplexed medical imaging and diagnostic applications, they must be rendered biocompatible by non-covalent modification. Indeed, it is shown that a suspension of SWNTs via functional amphiphiles affords a supramolecular complex that may be interfaced with biological systems. Resonance Raman scattering molecular imaging of cancer in vitro is demonstrated. The simple chemical structure and high Raman scattering cross section of SWNTs is exploited to prepare a library of SWNT labels for Raman-based immunostaining of ex vivo cancer tissue. Furthermore, the benefits and pitfalls of Raman scattering compared with traditional fluorescence methodologies are discussed. In addition to the optical properties of SWNTs, gold (and silver) nanoparticles possess unique localized surface plasmon resonances in the visible and near-infrared. Coupling of electromagnetic radiation to these plasmon modes effectively increases the local field strength within several nanometers from the nanoparticle surface, enhancing proximal optical phenomena, producing the surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) effect, as well as plasmon-enhanced fluorescence. In order to prepare plasmonic films for SERS and fluorescence-enhancing applications, novel chemical and physical approaches will be presented. Biocompatible SWNTs conjugated to target-specific biomolecules are employed as Raman scattering labels in a SERS-based immunoassay. The combination of the SERS effect with the large Raman scattering intensity of SWNTs affords a protein assay capable of fM detection in microarray format. In addition to SERS, fluorescence-enhancement owing to chemically prepared plasmonic gold films was also realized. The enhancement of both the local electric field and NIR fluorescence emission rate via the coupling of scattering nanoparticle plasmon modes can lead to NIR fluorescence enhancement (NIR-FE) under appropriate conditions. Here, those conditions are optimized to yield the NIR-FE effect in the context of microarray immunoassays. The rapid and simple methodology developed affords high sensitivity detection of cancer and autoimmune disease biomarkers, offering a broad dynamic range applicable to a wide variety of assays. Comparisons are drawn between the SERS and NIR-FE methodologies, along with a discussion of their merits and future research directions.
Nanotechnology for Biomedical Imaging and Diagnostics: From Nanoparticle Design to Clinical Applications reflects upon the increasing role of nanomaterials in biological and medical imaging, presenting a thorough description of current research as well as future directions. With contributions from experts in nanotechnology and imaging from academia, industry, and healthcare, this book provides a comprehensive coverage of the field, ranging from the architectural design of nanomaterials to their broad imaging applications in medicine. Grouped into three sections, the book: Elucidates all major aspects of nanotechnology and bioimaging Provides comprehensive coverage of the field, ranging from the architectural design of nanomaterials to their broad imaging applications in medicine Written by well-recognized experts in academia, industry, and healthcare, will be an excellence source of reference With a multidisciplinary approach and a balance of research and diagnostic topics, this book will appeal to students, scientiests, and healthcare professionals alike
The current generation of imaging nanoparticles is diverse and dependent on its myriad of applications. This book provides an overview of how these imaging particles can be designed to fulfill specific requirements for applications across different imaging modalities. It presents, for the first time, a comprehensive interdisciplinary overview of the impact nanoparticles have on biomedical imaging and is a common central resource for researchers and teachers.
The title "Nano Biotechnology for Biomedical and Diagnostics Research" will address research aspects related to nanomaterial in imaging and biological research, nanomaterials as a biosensing tool, DNA nanotechnology, nanomaterials for drug delivery, medicinal and therapeutic application and cytotoxicity of nanomaterials. These topics will be covered by 16 different manuscripts. Amongst the authors that will contribute to the book are major scientific leaders such as S. Weiss - UCLA, I. Willner, and G. Golomb – HUJI, S. Esener - UCSD, E.C. Simmel - Tech. Univ. Munchen, I. Medintz – NRL, N. Hildebrandt - Université Paris and more. The manuscripts in the book intend to present specifically biological, diagnostics and medical problems with their potential solution by nano technology or materials. In this respect this book is unique, since it would arise from the biological problems to the nano technology possible solution and not vice versa.
This book covers the most recent advances in using nanoparticles for biomedical imaging, including magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), magnetic particle imaging (MPI), nuclear medicine, ultrasound (US) imaging, computed tomography (CT), and optical imaging. Topics include nanoparticles for MRI and MPI, siRNA delivery, theranostic nanoparticles for PET imaging of drug delivery, US nanoparticles for imaging drug delivery, inorganic nanoparticles for targeted CT imaging, and quantum dots for optical imaging. This book serves as a valuable resource for the fundamental science of diagnostic nanoparticles and their interactions with biological targets, providing a practical handbook for improved detection of disease and its clinical implementation.
This book comprehensively reviews the recent advances in nanomaterial-based molecular imaging, diagnostics, and personalized therapy. It discusses the novel biocompatible fluorescent nanomaterials, their synthesis, and modern state of art characterization, as well as the various strategies for immobilization of biomacromolecules on the nanomaterial surface and approaches for increasing their stability. In addition, the book describes the synthesis of lectin nanoconjugates using different types of biocompatible raw materials and their systematic characterization. Lastly, it presents our current understanding of the biomolecular carona, which affects nanoparticle-based targeted drug delivery, and examines the conceptual approaches to improve the in-vivo efficacy of targeted drug delivery.
This book comprehensively documents the application of Nanobiomaterials in the field of bio-medicine and diagnostics technologies by involving classical concepts/examples. Nanobiotechnology is an emerging area which encompasses all the facets of research of nano and biomaterials with their interaction with biological systems. The book briefly summarizes the various types of Nanomaterial’s, and highlights the recent developments in the synthesis of the nanomaterials for the diagnostic and therapeutic biomedical applications. It skilfully reviews the utilization of the nanomaterials alone or in combination with other bio-molecules as a contrast enhancer in in-vivo imaging, Nano-Theranostics, drug delivery, and sensing transducer matrix. It also discusses the current research on designing of the new Nanobiomaterials and their implementation in numerous fields including bio-medicine and diagnostics. Finally, it summarizes the future prospects and the commercial viability of Nanobiomaterials in the human health care.​
This book covers a wide range of topics relating to carbon nanomaterials, from synthesis and functionalization to applications in advanced biomedical devices and systems. As they possess unique and attractive chemical, physical, optical, and even magnetic properties for various applications, considerable effort has been made to employ carbon nanomaterials (e.g., fullerenes, carbon nanotubes, graphene, nanodiamond) as new materials for the development of novel biomedical tools, such as diagnostic sensors, imaging agents, and drug/gene delivery systems for both diagnostics and clinical treatment. Tremendous progress has been made and the scattered literature continues to grow rapidly. With chapters by world-renowned experts providing an overview of the state of the science as well as an understanding of the challenges that lie ahead, Carbon Nanomaterials for Biomedical Applications is essential reading not only for experienced scientists and engineers in biomedical and nanomaterials areas, but also for graduate students and advanced undergraduates in materials science and engineering, chemistry, and biology.
A meeting report of the 2nd international Else Kr ner-Fresenius Symposium on Nanomedicine Nanomedicine -- the application of nanotechnology to human health -- is a promising field of research at the interface of physical, chemical, biological, and medical science. Recent advances have made it possible to analyze biological systems at cellular and subcellular levels, offering numerous promising approaches to improve medical diagnosis and therapy. It is expected that nanomedicine will have a great impact especially on drug delivery and imaging. In this context, the development of targeted, highly specific nanoparticles is of pivotal importance. The results of these advances will offer personalized diagnostic tools and treatments in the future. Based on the 2nd Else Kr ner-Fresenius-Symposium, this book presents a broad spectrum of topics ranging from nanoscale drug delivery/drug design to nanotoxicity and from diagnostics and imaging to therapeutic applications including antibody therapies. The contributions are authored by leading experts in the field and provide an excellent overview of the current knowledge in nanomedicine. Due to the interdisciplinary nature of the subject area this volume will be of special interest to physicians, biologists, chemists, engineers, and physicists as well as to students in the respective fields.
This book intends to provide an up-to-date information in the field of nanobiomedicine. The focus of the book is on the basic concepts and recent developments in the field of nanotechnology. This book covers a broad spectrum of nanomaterials processing, structural characteristics, and related properties and will include bio-probes, medical imaging, drug delivery, and tumor diagnosis. Critical issues are addressed in a straightforward manner so those with no technical background and university students can benefit from the information. Furthermore, many novel concepts in nanomaterials are explained in light of current theories. An important aspect of the book lies on its wide coverage in practical biomedical applications. Not only are the cutting-edge technologies in modern medicine introduced, but also unique materials applications in many clinical areas.