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This dissertation presents the study on novel core-shell magnetic nanoparticles (NPs) with unique magnetic properties. Understanding the fundamental physics of antiferromagnetic - ferromagnetic interactions is essential to apply in different applications. Chromium (Cr) doped and undoped core-shell iron/iron-oxide NPs have been synthesized using cluster deposition system and studied with respect to their nanostructures, morphologies, sizes, chemical composition and magnetic properties. The room-temperature magnetic properties of Fe based NPs shows the strong dependence of intra/inter-particle interaction on NP size. The Cr-doped Fe NP shows the origin of sigma-FeCr phase at very low Cr concentration (2 at.%) unlike others reported at high Cr content and interaction reversal from dipolar to exchange interaction. A theoretical model of watermelon is constructed based on the experimental results and core-shell NP system in order to explain the physics of exchange interaction in Cr-doped Fe particles. The magnetic nanoparticle--chelator separation nanotechnology is investigated for spent nuclear fuel recycling and is reported 97% and 80% of extraction for Am(III) and Pu(IV) actinides respectively. If the long-term heat generating actinides such as Am(III) can be efficiently removed from the used fuel raffinates, the volume of material that can be placed in a given amount of repository space can be significantly increased. As it is a simple, versatile, compact, and cost efficient process that minimizes secondary waste and improves storage performance.
Nanomagnetism: Fundamentals and Applications is a complete guide to the theory and practical applications of magnetism at the nanometer scale. It covers a wide range of potential applications including materials science, medicine, and the environment. A tutorial covers the special magnetic properties of nanoscale systems in various environments, from free clusters to nanostructured materials. Subsequent chapters focus on the current state of research in theory and experiment in specific areas, and also include applications of nanoscale systems to synthesizing high-performance materials and devices. The only book on nanomagnetism to cover such a wide area of applications Includes a tutorial section that covers all the fundamental theory Serves as a comprehensive guide for people entering the field
Magnetic nanoparticles exhibit size-dependent magnetic properties including superparamagnetism and have been used commercially for the last 50 years in the form of ferrofluids. Recently, improvements in particle synthesis and coating as well as surface functionalization with biomolecules have led to a dramatic increase in the applications of magnetic nanoparticles, especially in the biomedical field. New synthetic and coating procedures can be used to produce monodisperse particles with high magnetization that are stable in aqueous solution. Functionalization with proteins can diversify the areas of application as proteins have specific catalytic or molecular recognition properties. Biological systems can produce inorganic materials under ambient aqueous conditions composed of nano-sized building blocks synthesized with exquisite genetic control over both size and morphology. Mimicking these biological processes can allow "green" synthesis and coating of nanomaterials. Additionally, combinatorial biological techniques have been used to select peptide sequences with material recognition properties and/or modulators of crystal growth. The primary research presented here involves the functionalization of silica coated and uncoated magnetic nanoparticles with either enzyme or organic chelators for use in remediation applications. In this work material binding properties were conferred to a recombinant translational fusion proteins consisting of the enzyme haloalkane dehalogenase, which is part of dichloroethane biodegradation pathway, and two or three repeats of silica or iron oxide binding peptides respectively. Binding peptides directed the adsorption of haloalkane dehalogenase onto uncoated or silica coated iron oxide nanoparticles. Enzymatic activity was compared between adsorbed and chemically immobilized haloalkane dehalogenase. Another project presented here involves the development of acid resistant silica coated magnetic nanoparticles functionalized with organic chelating molecules for magnetic separation of actinides from used nuclear fuel or recovery of radionuclides released into the environment. A silica/poly(allylamine) composite coating procedure has been developed, where poly(allylamine) is partially imbedded in the silica coating and resulted in increased chelator loading capacity of the particles. Poly(allylamine) mimics the silica precipitation activity of long-chain polyamines found in diatoms and sponges.
This first book to focus on the applications of nanomagnetism presents those already realized while also suggesting bold ideas for further breakthroughs. The first part is devoted to the concept of spin electronics and its use for data storage and magnetic sensing, while the second part concentrates on magnetic nanoparticles and their use in industrial environment, biological and medical applications. The third, more prospective part goes on to describe emerging applications related to spin current creation and manipulation, dynamics, spin waves and binary logic based on nano-scale magnetism. With its unique choice of topics and authors, this will appeal to academic as well as corporate researchers in a wide range of disciplines from physics via materials science to engineering, chemistry and life science.
Continuous microfluidic technology has proven to be a potential competitor with established batch systems for facilitating chemical synthesis and purification, and more amenable to miniaturization, integration, and automation. Nevertheless, combining synthesis, purification and analysis remains a challenge due to the lack of development in efficient continuous flow purification techniques. An emerging continuous-flow purification technique is magnetophoresis, which utilizes surface-functionalized magnetic particles to selectively capture target molecules through specific binding, followed by manipulating the migration of particles through external magnetic force. This dissertation explores the synthesis of monodisperse core-shell functionalized magnetic nanoparticles composed of a single-core structure, and their application in magnetic manipulation for capture and isolation of targets in the continuous flow. First, single-cored magnetic nanoparticles with surface functionalities were prepared by coating functional triethoxysilanes onto iron oxide nanoparticles. The morphology, size, and colloidal stability of the resulting functionalized magnetic nanoparticles can be predicted and controlled. Second, a microfluidic device was fabricated from poly(dimethylsiloxane)(PDMS), consisting of two major components, a mixer and a separator (a diagram shown below). In the mixer, target molecules were captured by functionalized magnetic nanoparticles in a T-shape microchannel. Then the magnetic bead-target complex is directed into the separator, where the captured target molecules are magnetically steered out of the matrix while passing through a laminar co-flow profile. For proof of concept, we used a mixture of toluidine blue O (TBO) and sodium fluorescein as a model target and nontarget, respectively, and carboxyl functionalized magnetic beads as a receptor, leading to the selective complexation of TBO and magnetic beads via electrostatic binding. The device allowed for complete separation of the target from the nontarget molecules with high separation selectivity and efficiency as well as excellent reliability and flexibility.
This document is a summary of the research results for FY14.
This book offers a detailed discussion of the complex magnetic behavior of magnetic nanosystems, with its myriad of geometries (e.g. core-shell, heterodimer and dumbbell) and its different applications. It provides a broad overview of the numerous current studies concerned with magnetic nanoparticles, presenting key examples and an in-depth examination of the cutting-edge developments in this field. This contributed volume shares the latest developments in nanomagnetism with a wide audience: from upper undergraduate and graduate students to advanced specialists in both academia and industry. The first three chapters serve as a primer to the more advanced content found later in the book, making it an ideal introductory text for researchers starting in this field. It provides a forum for the critical evaluation of many aspects of complex nanomagnetism that are at the forefront of nanoscience today. It also presents highlights from the extensive literature on the topic, including the latest research in this field.
Front Cover -- Fundamentals and Industrial Applications of Magnetic Nanoparticles -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- List of contributors -- About the editors -- Preface -- I. Introduction -- 1 Introduction and applications of magnetic nanoparticles -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.1.1 Categories of magnetic nanoparticles -- 1.1.2 Salient features of magnetic nanoparticles -- 1.1.2.1 Superparamagnetism -- 1.1.2.2 Exchange coupling effect -- 1.1.2.3 Exchange bias effect -- 1.1.3 Magnetism in nanomaterials with different shape and size -- 1.1.3.1 Magnetic nanoparticles: elliptical model -- 1.1.3.2 Magnetism in nanoplates -- Magnetism in nano rings -- 1.1.4 Anisotropy in nanoparticles -- 1.1.5 Various synthesis methods of magnetic nanoparticles -- 1.1.5.1 Chemical methods -- Thermal decomposition -- 1.1.5.2 Hydrothermal method -- 1.1.5.3 Microwave-assisted synthesis -- 1.1.5.4 Self-assembled magnetic nanostructures -- 1.1.5.5 Template-assisted fabrication -- 1.1.6 Applications of magnetic nanomaterials -- 1.1.6.1 Energy storage application -- 1.1.6.2 Giant magnetoresistance -- 1.1.6.3 Catalysis -- 1.2 Classification and industrial applications of magnetic nanoparticles -- 1.2.1 Nanoparticles -- 1.2.2 Magnetic nanoparticles -- 1.2.3 Applications of magnetic nanoparticles -- 1.2.3.1 Industrial -- 1.2.3.2 Medical and biomedical field -- 1.2.3.3 Environmental -- 1.2.3.4 Sensors -- 1.2.3.5 Biotechnology -- 1.2.3.6 Electronics and telecommunication -- 1.2.3.7 Magneto photonics -- 1.2.3.8 Magneto mechanics -- 1.2.3.9 Data storage -- 1.2.3.10 Energy storage -- 1.2.3.11 Catalysis -- References -- 2 An essential advancement of magnetic nanoparticles -- 2.1 Introduction to magnetic nanoparticles -- 2.2 Origin of magnetism -- 2.2.1 Types of magnetic materials -- 2.3 Physical properties of nanomagnetic materials -- 2.3.1 Core-shell model -- 2.3.2 Superparamagnetism.
Magnetic separation nanotechnology is an upcoming technology in the field of wastewater and nuclear waste treatment and environmental remediation for heavy metal and radioactive contaminants. Traditional separation methods such as centrifugation and filtration are usually labor-consumptive, uneconomical and thus impractical for large-scale water treatment. From this point of view, magnetic nanosorbents exhibit special superiority due to convenient separation by an external magnetic field. Other advantages of magnetic nanosorbents are low inventory utilization of nanosorbents, enhanced metal sorption efficiency and selectivity, and low production of secondary waste. This dissertation presents the study on our lab-made magnetic nanosorbents (referred to as dMNP-DTPA)---double coated magnetic nanoparticles (dMNP) coupled with diethylene triamine pentaacetic acid (DTPA) and their potential to be used as effective sorbent materials to remove metal ions (bivalent heavy metals and trivalent lanthanides) from aqueous solutions. The metal sorption results show that the magnetic nanosorbents developed in our study possess a high stability, fast kinetics, and high sorption efficiency in harsh environments. The metal sorption on the dMNP-DTPA nanosorbents is reversible so that the metal-loaded dMNP-DTPA can be fast and effectively regenerated by the dilute acids. The sorption/desorption cycle experiments demonstrate that the dMNP-DTPA nanosorbents can be reused for a long time which helps to offset the synthesis cost and makes this technique cost-effective. To better explore the dynamic behavior of MNPs in a continuous flow, a simulation tool, Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD), is applied in this study. The CFD models will help us to design a separation system that can be operated under continuous flow conditions.
Nanoparticles for Biomedical Applications: Fundamental Concepts, Biological Interactions and Clinical Applications brings into one place information on the design and biomedical applications of different classes of nanoparticles. While aspects are dealt with in individual journal articles, there is not one source that covers this area comprehensively. This book fills this gap in the literature. Outlines an in-depth review of biomedical applications of a variety of nanoparticle classes Discusses the major techniques for designing nanoparticles for use in biomedicine Explores safety and regulatory aspects for the use of nanoparticles in biomedicine