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The process of continuing Rio Treaty and OAS Charter amendment reflects shifting views of regional security interests in an atmosphere of divisiveness and uncertainty about the future of the Inter-American System. This paper analyzes the constitutional basis for hemispheric security by relating security concepts to the general problems and trends that have stimulated OAS Charter and Rio Treaty reform. (Author).
Of the several regional arrangements that function within the United Nations, the most elaborate in organization and function is the Organization of American States. Although the United Nations holds the primary responsibility for preserving international peace, its charter concedes virtual autonomy to regional arrangements in dealing with matters considered appropriate for regional action. This latitude stimulated a trend toward regionalism which eventually posed the important question of how to preserve legitimate regionalism like Pan-Americanism without impairing the essential overall authority of the United Nations. Following an introductory description of all existing regional arrangements, this comprehensive case study examines every aspect of security cooperation in the Western Hemisphere in the mid-twentieth century: the historical origins and development of the inter-American system; the perfecting of the security structure; and, most important, the functioning of the system under test by controversies among the member nations, and by two world wars, the Korean emergency, and the aggressive threats of international Communism. Particular attention is given to the Cuban situation. This volume was the first to recognize, boldly and imaginatively, the overwhelming influence wielded in the OAS by the powerful and wealthy United States. This elastic association of one Great Power and twenty small states, based on a mutuality of interests and a common devotion to the principles of civilized international behavior, can be said to have reached full maturity in 1948 with the adoption of the OAS charter, which articulated the goals toward which it had been striving for fifty-eight years: sovereign equality, nonintervention, and consultation for the peaceful solution of disputes and for hemisphere defense. Ironically, just when the Good Neighbor Policy and the rise of Hitler seemed to have cemented inter-American relations, breaks in the solidarity began to appear. World War II produced new forces destined to profoundly alter the bases and objectives of inter-American cooperation. The “be good” policy began to change to a “do good” policy, and in diplomatic discussions, economic measures began to eclipse those concerned with peril to the peace and security of the hemisphere.
Includes index.
Human Security and Mutual Vulnerability: The global political economy of development and underdevelopment (Second Edition)

The NSA Report

President's Review Group on Intelligence and Communications Technologies, The

Published: 2014-03-31

Total Pages: 287


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The official report that has shaped the international debate about NSA surveillance "We cannot discount the risk, in light of the lessons of our own history, that at some point in the future, high-level government officials will decide that this massive database of extraordinarily sensitive private information is there for the plucking. Americans must never make the mistake of wholly 'trusting' our public officials."—The NSA Report This is the official report that is helping shape the international debate about the unprecedented surveillance activities of the National Security Agency. Commissioned by President Obama following disclosures by former NSA contractor Edward J. Snowden, and written by a preeminent group of intelligence and legal experts, the report examines the extent of NSA programs and calls for dozens of urgent and practical reforms. The result is a blueprint showing how the government can reaffirm its commitment to privacy and civil liberties—without compromising national security.
A reference guide to all the elements of the Inter-American System from its formal beginning in 1889 to the present, as it developed into a major, multipurpose regional inter-governmental organization (IGO). The most notable elements in the current Inter-American System are the Organization of American States (OAS), the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB), and the Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance (Rio Treaty) Regime. Today, all 35 sovereign American states are members of the OAS. This book makes clear reference to the system's interrelationships with other IGOs and states outside the Western Hemisphere. Unique in its scope and approach to the subject, this work is intended to provide the reader with access to information on general as well as specific subjects. It is compiled with an interdisciplinary approach, and addressed to a variety of readers from students and scholars to professionals and government officials. With some 250 entries, cross-referenced and thoroughly indexed, this encyclopedia refers to membership and observers in the various organizational elements; policy orientations of the state members; treaties, conventions, protocols, declarations, and resolutions concluded over the years; concepts and doctrines underlying American regional organization; multinational principles and policies in major categories of activity; and cases of conflict and other situations undertaken by the system, including places, events, issues, and individuals notable for their contributions.
On August 24-25, 2010, the National Defense University held a conference titled “Economic Security: Neglected Dimension of National Security?” to explore the economic element of national power. This special collection of selected papers from the conference represents the view of several keynote speakers and participants in six panel discussions. It explores the complexity surrounding this subject and examines the major elements that, interacting as a system, define the economic component of national security.
Considers military and economic assistance programs FY56 authorization.