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This thesis reports the measurement of muon neutrino and antineutrino disappearance and electron neutrino and antineutrino appearance in a muon neutrino and antineutrino beam using the T2K experiment. It describes a result in neutrino physics that is a pioneering indication of charge-parity (CP) violation in neutrino oscillation; the first to be obtained from a single experiment. Neutrinos are some of the most abundant—but elusive—particles in the universe, and may provide a promising place to look for a potential solution to the puzzle of matter/antimatter imbalance in the observable universe. It has been firmly established that neutrinos can change flavour (or ‘oscillate’), as recognised by the 2015 Nobel Prize. The theory of neutrino oscillation allows for neutrinos and antineutrinos to oscillate differently (CP violation), and may provide insights into why our universe is matter-dominated. Bayesian statistical methods, including the Markov Chain Monte Carlo fitting technique, are used to simultaneously optimise several hundred systematic parameters describing detector, beam, and neutrino interaction uncertainties as well as the six oscillation parameters.
The Tokai-to-Kamioka (T2K) experiment is a long-baseline neutrino-oscillation experiment that searches for neutrino oscillations with measurements of an off-axis, high purity, muon neutrino beam. The neutrinos are detected 295 km from production by the Super Kamiokande detector. A near detector 280 m from the production target measures the unoscillated beam. This thesis outlines an analysis using samples in the near detector and Super Kamiokande to measure the disappearance of muon neutrinos. To manage the complexity this analysis, a Markov Chain Monte Carlo framework was used to maximize a likelihood to estimate the oscillation parameters. T2K Run 1+2+3 data (3.010 x1020 POT) is used for the analysis ... .
This thesis reports the calculation of neutrino production for the T2K experiment; the most precise a priori estimate of neutrino production that has been achieved for any accelerator-based neutrino oscillation experiment to date. The production of intense neutrino beams at accelerator facilities requires exceptional understanding of chains of particle interactions initiated within extended targets. In this thesis, the calculation of neutrino production for T2K has been improved by using measurements of particle production from a T2K replica target, taken by the NA61/SHINE experiment. This enabled the reduction of the neutrino production uncertainty to the level of 5%, which will have a significant impact on neutrino oscillation and interaction measurements by T2K in the coming years. In addition to presenting the revised flux calculation methodology in an accessible format, this thesis also reports a joint T2K measurement of muon neutrino and antineutrino disappearance, and the accompanying electron neutrino and antineutrino appearance, with the updated beam constraint.
There is now substantial evidence that the proper description of neutrino involves two representations related by the 3 x 3 PMNS matrix characterized by either distinct mass or flavor. The parameters of this mixing matrix, three angles and a phase, as well as the mass differences between the three mass eigenstates must be determined experimentally. The Main Injector Neutrino Oscillation Search experiment is designed to study the flavor composition of a beam of muon neutrinos as it travels between the Near Detector at Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory at 1 km from the target, and the Far Detector in the Soudan iron mine in Minnesota at 735 km from the target. From the comparison of reconstructed neutrino energy spectra at the near and far location, precise measurements of neutrino oscillation parameters from muon neutrino disappearance and electron neutrino appearance are expected. It is very important to know the neutrino flux coming from the source in order to achieve the main goal of the MINOS experiment: precise measurements of the atmospheric mass splitting.