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Current efforts to measure child mortality for municipalities in Brazil are hampered by the relative rarity of child deaths, which often results in unstable and unreliable estimates. As a result, it is not possible to accurately assess true levels of child mortality for many areas, hindering efforts towards constructing and implementing effective policy initiatives for the reduction of child mortality. However, with a spatial smoothing process based upon Bayesian Statistics it is possible to "borrow" information from neighboring areas in order to generate more stable and accurate estimates of mortality in smaller areas. The objective of this study is to use this spatial smoothing process to derive estimates of child mortality at the level of the municipality in Brazil. Using data from the 2000 Brazil Census, I derive both Bayesian and non-Bayesian estimates of mortality for each municipality. In comparing the smoothed and raw estimates of this parameter, I find that the Bayesian estimates yield a clearer spatial pattern of child mortality with smaller variances in less populated municipalities, thus, more accurately reflecting the true mortality situation of those municipalities. These estimates can then be used, ultimately, to lead to more effective policies and health initiatives in the fight for the reduction of child mortality in Brazil.
On 20 November 2009, the global community celebrates the 20th anniversary of the adoption by the United Nations General Assembly of the Convention on the Rights of the Child, the unique document that sets international standards for the care, treatment and protection of all individuals below age 18. To celebrate this landmark, the United Nations Children's Fund is dedicating a special edition of its flagship report The State of the World's Children to examining the Convention's evolution, progress achieved on child rights, challenges remaining, and actions to be taken to ensure that its promise becomes a reality for all children.
The State of Social Safety Nets 2018 Report examines global trends in the social safety net/social assistance coverage, spending, and program performance based on the World Bank Atlas of Social Protection Indicators of Resilience and Equity (ASPIRE) updated database. The report documents the main social safety net programs that exist globally and their use to alleviate poverty and to build shared prosperity. The 2018 report expands on the 2015 edition, both in administrative and household survey data coverage. A distinct mark of this report is that, for the first time, it tells the story of what happens with SSN/SA programs spending and coverage over time, when the data allow us to do so. This 2018 edition also features two special themes †“ Social Assistance and Ageing, focusing on the role of old-age social pensions, and Adaptive Social Protection, focusing on what makes SSN systems/programs adaptive to various shocks.
This book provides new theoretic and applied material with focus on quantitative methods and data analysis techniques applied in demography, population studies, health issues and statistics. It discusses the quantitative techniques to estimate the healthy life expectancy by expanding the classical life tables to include the proportion with disability calculated from life tables, along with the Sullivan method. The provided templates apply immediately to the life tables from WHO, HMD, Eurostat and other life table providers. Furthermore, the book explores the possibility of creating new health indicators along with Covid-19 pandemic management, factors associated to loneliness and an alcohol indicator. Part of the book is devoted to mortality, epidemic models, and the supercentenarians age estimation. Data analysis and artificial intelligence methods are included to apply in demographic and socio-economic cases. By providing a methodology to cope with health problems in demography and society by quantifying important health parameters, this book is a valuable guide for researchers, theoreticians, and practitioners from various disciplines and especially health scientists, statisticians, economists, and sociologists.
A major survey of the economic and social development of Brazil.
These four papers supplement the book Contraception and Reproduction: Health Consequences for Women and Children in the Developing World by bringing together data and analyses that would otherwise be difficult to obtain in a single source. The topics addressed are an analysis of the relationship between maternal mortality and changing reproductive patterns; the risks and benefits of contraception; the effects of changing reproductive patterns on infant health; and the psychosocial consequences to women of controlled fertility and contraceptive use.
This book explores Conditional Cash Transfers programs within the context of education policy over the past several decades. Conditional Cash Transfer programs (CCTs) provide cash to poor families upon the fulfillment of conditions related to the education and health of their children. Even though CCTs aim to improve educational attainment, it is not clear whether Departments or Ministries of Education have internalized CCTs into their own sets of policies and whether that has had an impact on the quality of education being offered to low income students. Equally intriguing is the question of how conditional cash transfer programs have been politically sustained in so many countries, some of them having existed for over ten years. In order to explore that, this book will build upon a comparative study of three programs across the Americas: Opportunity NYC, Subsidios Condicionados a la Asistencia Escolar (Bogota, Colombia), and Bolsa Famila (Brazil). The book presents a detailed and non-official account on the NYC and Bogota programs and will analyze CCTs from both a political and education policy perspective.
When lives are dominated by hunger, what becomes of love? When assaulted by daily acts of violence and untimely death, what happens to trust? Set in the lands of Northeast Brazil, this is an account of the everyday experience of scarcity, sickness and death that centres on the lives of the women and children of a hillside "favela". Bringing her readers to the impoverished slopes above the modern plantation town of Bom Jesus de Mata, where she has worked on and off for 25 years, Nancy Scheper-Hughes follows three generations of shantytown women as they struggle to survive through hard work, cunning and triage. It is a story of class relations told at the most basic level of bodies, emotions, desires and needs. Most disturbing - and controversial - is her finding that mother love, as conventionally understood, is something of a bourgeois myth, a luxury for those who can reasonably expect, as these women cannot, that their infants will live.
The 2007–09 international financial crisis underscored the importance of reliable and timely statistics on the general government and public sectors. Government finance statistics are a basis for fiscal analysis and they play a vital role in developing and monitoring sound fiscal programs and in conducting surveillance of economic policies. The Government Finance Statistics Manual 2014 represents a major step forward in clarifying the standards for compiling and presenting fiscal statistics and strengthens the worldwide effort to improve public sector reporting and transparency.