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Water is being transferred out of agriculture to meet the growing demand in other areas, often without an agreement of or compensation to farmers with irrigated land and water rights. Furthermore, there is a failure to recognize that irrigation systems supply water not only for the main fields, but also for domestic uses, home gardens, trees and other permanent vegetation, and livestock. Other productive uses include fishing, harvesting of aquatic plants and animals, and a variety of other enterprises such as brick making. In addition, irrigation systems can have a positive or negative effect on wildlife habitats. Thus, the withdrawal of water affects the rural household, rural economy, and the environment in a number of ways. This paper argues that to ensure efficient, equitable, and sustainable water use, to reduce poverty and improve the well-being of the community, irrigation and water resources policies need to take into account all uses and users of water within the irrigation system. The multiple uses of water in the Kirindi Oya irrigation system are examined in this paper. An interdisciplinary group of scientists have investigated a number of areas including water accounting, water quality, household water use, the valuing of water for alternative uses, and the complementarities, competition, and conflicts among uses and users.
Irrigated agriculture produces about 40% of all food and fibre on about 16% of all cropped land. As such, irrigated agriculture is a productive user of resources; both in terms of yield per cropped area and in yield per volume of water consumed. Many irrigation projects, however, use (divert or withdraw) much more water than consumed by the crop. The non-consumed fraction of the water may cause a variety of undesirable effects ranging from water-logging and salinity within the irrigated area to downstram water pollution. This book discusses all components of the water balance of an irrigated area; evapotranspiration (Ch.2), effective precipitation (Ch.3) and capillary rise from the groundwater table (Ch.4). Chapter 5 then combines all components into a water management strategy that balances actual evapotranspiration (and thus crop yield) with the groundwater balance of the irrigated area (for a substainable environment). Chapter 6 presents CRIWAR 3.0, a simulation program that combines all water balance components into a single simulation procedure. The chapter describes the use of the CRIWAR software for developing water requirement tables and other useful information based on the selected water management strategy. This version greatly expands upon the capabilities of previously published programs.
In December 2002, a group of specialists on water resources from the United States and Iran met in Tunis, Tunisia, for an interacademy workshop on water resources management, conservation, and recycling. This was the fourth interacademy workshop on a variety of topics held in 2002, the first year of such workshops. Tunis was selected as the location for the workshop because the Tunisian experience in addressing water conservation issues was of interest to the participants from both the United States and Iran. This report includes the agenda for the workshop, all of the papers that were presented, and the list of site visits.
This book is the result of a joint research effort led by the U.S. National Academy of Sciences and involving the Royal Scientific Society of Jordan, the Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities, and the Palestine Health Council. It discusses opportunities for enhancement of water supplies and avoidance of overexploitation of water resources in the Middle East. Based on the concept that ecosystem goods and services are essential to maintaining water quality and quantity, the book emphasizes conservation, improved use of current technologies, and water management approaches that are compatible with environmental quality.
In many countries irrigated agriculture consumes a large proportion of the available water resources, often over 70% of the total. There is considerable pressure to release water for other uses and, as a sector, irrigated agriculture will have to increase the efficiency and productivity of its water use. This is particularly true for manually operated irrigation systems managed by government agencies, which provide water for a large number of users on small landholdings and represent 60% of the total irrigated area worldwide. Drawing on the author's 30 years of experience in some 28 countries, this book offers knowledge of the management of irrigation and drainage systems, including traditional technical areas of systems operation and maintenance, and expanding managerial, institutional and organizational aspects. Chapters provide guidelines to improve management, operation and maintenance processes, which move management thinking out of traditional public-sector mindsets to a more customer-focused, performance-oriented service delivery. As a practical guide to improve efficiency and productivity in irrigated agriculture, this book will be essential reading for irrigation managers and technicians as well as students and policy makers in water management, agriculture and sustainable development.
"Agriculture uses more water than any other human activity in the world. Projections of increasing demands on agriculture along with climatic change and variability necessitate evaluating the current and potential contributions of irrigation water to agriculture, and initiatives to improve production while reducing our demands on surface and groundwater systems. This thesis develops and demonstrates new procedures to determine appropriate estimates of agricultural production and water use resulting from proposed changes in irrigation water use. This research improves on previous efforts to evaluate the increasing or decreasing of full irrigation at regional-scale, and presents the first broadly-applicable methodology for evaluating supplemental irrigation at nested spatiotemporal scales.Irrigation has generally been evaluated at its extremes, defining areas exclusively as either fully irrigated or non-irrigated. Previous efforts to estimate the contributions of irrigation to current yields and evaluate potential changes in production have determined generalizations relating irrigated and non-irrigated yields from temporally and spatially limited statistical data. Such efforts have admittedly limited their investigations by evaluating only the extremes of irrigation and further by correlating the separate contributions of surface water and groundwater to production. This research first improves on estimating the potential of the extremes, that is increasing or decreasing full irrigation, by evaluating changes in irrigated area as they relate specifically to irrigation-source. Further, this research develops and demonstrates the first broadly-applicable methodologies for evaluating the in-betweens of full and non-irrigation, namely supplemental irrigation. Supplemental irrigation holds significant opportunity to increase agricultural and water productivity, and reduce water use. By recognising a system of irrigation different than the extremes, including potentially reducing water use on irrigated fields and increasing limited water use on non-irrigated fields at appropriate and opportune times, the in-betweens of irrigation allow for the benefits of supporting production while not necessarily further appropriating water for irrigation.This thesis first evaluates the potential changes in agricultural production and water use resulting from the complete expansion of full irrigation under two scenarios related to the adoption of specific irrigation sources, demonstrated for rice and wheat in India. The results show a potential increase in production of 14-25% for rice and 3% for wheat, with a 31% and 3% increase in water use respectively. Similarly, the study investigates the decreases in agricultural production from stopping irrigation, and we estimate that rice would be at 60% of current production, and wheat at 51%. Together, these two evaluations showcase the end ranges of the relationship between agricultural production and irrigation water use. Specifically, this is achieved by partitioning region-specific rice and wheat production into that related to irrigated and non-irrigated areas, and further by irrigation source. This partitioning of production by irrigation source, to the best of our knowledge, is novel. The partitions are used to estimate potential increases in agricultural production, and evaluating such increases as explicitly related to irrigation source, is similarly novel. " --
The Mapping Systems and Services for Multiple Uses of Water Services (MASSMUS) methodology is a special module that addresses multiple uses of water. It is part of Mapping Systems and Services for Canal Operation Techniques (MASSCOTE), developed by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), it has been in use since 2000 for the auditing of medium to large irrigation systems, and for planning modernization of their operation and management.