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A thermodynamically consistent description of the transport across interfaces in mixtures has for a long time been an open issue. This research clarifies that the interface between a liquid and a vapor in a mixture is in local equilibrium during evaporation and condensation. It implies that the thermodynamics developed for interfaces by Gibbs can be applied also away from equilibrium, which is typically the case in reality. A description of phase transitions is of great importance for the understanding of both natural and industrial processes. For example, it is relevant for the understanding of the increase of CO2 concentration in the atmosphere, or improvements of efficiency in distillation columns. This excellent work of luminescent scientific novelty has brought this area a significant step forward. The systematic documentation of the approach will facilitate further applications of the theoretical framework to important problems.
The authors made a special effort in presenting the material rigorously and comprehensively, thereby providing a complete source of reference for evaluating multicomponent transport coefficients.
Transport phenomena is used here to descril>e momentum, energy, mass, and entropy transfer (Bird et al. 1960, 1980). It includes thermodynamies, a special case of which is thermostatics. Interfacial transport phenomena refers to momentum, energy , mass, and entropy transfer within the immediate neighborhood of a phase interface, including the thermodynamies of the interface. In terms of qualitative physical observations, this is a very old field. Pliny the EIder (Gaius Plinius Secundus, 23-79 A.D.; Pliny 1938) described divers who released small quantities of oil from their mouths, in order to damp capillary ripples on the ocean surface and in this way provide more uniform lighting for their work. Similar stories were retold by Benjamin Franklin, who conducted experiments of his own in England (V an Doren 1938). In terms of analysis, this is a generally young field. Surface thermostatics developed relatively early, starting with Gibbs (1948) and continuing with important contributions by many others (see Chapter 5).
Highlights of this book were selected for inclusion in the program of the 2005, Paris, "Albert Einstein Century International Conference." The Conference Proceedings was published by the American Institute of Physics, Vol. 861, pp. 524-531. ------------------------------------------------------------------- In 1905, Albert Einstein's theory of Brownian motion made a monumental contribution to thermodynamics. Specifically, the theory accounted for the rate of change of the particle momentum associated with thermal motion to study the diffusion of suspended particles in liquids. In this book, the author shows that Einstein's procedure is justified, not only for this particular problem, but for thermodynamic systems generally, including those containing surfaces, membranes, junctions phase boundaries and other interfaces The resulting, new thermodynamic theory has unified the theory of semiconductor diodes and solar cells. Theoretical results have accurately corroborated experimental data reported by more than 25 authors over a period exceeding a quarter century. The new general theory has revealed that to simultaneously satisfy the first and second laws of thermodynamics, electric charges have to reside at most interfaces. This novel result is the first thermodynamic confirmation of Newton's speculation that capillarity and other interfacial phenomena involve electric forces. Interfacial electrification has explained numerous phenomena of interdisciplinary interest such as: surface tension, capillarity, drop coalescence, adhesion of light particles to surfaces, the separation of charges upon phase change, fog and cloud suspension, the origin of atmospheric electricity, and the generation of static electricity, to mention a few examples. The book provides ideas and results that will stimulate theoretical and applied research in a variety of disciplines. The topic coverage is balanced for both researchers, who will find case studies with fundamental importance, and students, who will be introduced to the generalization of Einstein's theory of Brownian motion and its numerous, interdisciplinary applications.
There are several physico-chemical processes that determine the behavior of multiphase fluid systems – e.g., the fluid dynamics in the different phases and the dynamics of the interface(s), mass transport between the fluids, adsorption effects at the interface, and transport of surfactants on the interface – and result in heterogeneous interface properties. In general, these processes are strongly coupled and local properties of the interface play a crucial role. A thorough understanding of the behavior of such complex flow problems must be based on physically sound mathematical models, which especially account for the local processes at the interface. This book presents recent findings on the rigorous derivation and mathematical analysis of such models and on the development of numerical methods for direct numerical simulations. Validation results are based on specifically designed experiments using high-resolution experimental techniques. A special feature of this book is its focus on an interdisciplinary research approach combining Applied Analysis, Numerical Mathematics, Interface Physics and Chemistry, as well as relevant research areas in the Engineering Sciences. The contributions originated from the joint interdisciplinary research projects in the DFG Priority Programme SPP 1506 “Transport Processes at Fluidic Interfaces.”
Multi-phase flows are part of our natural environment such as tornadoes, typhoons, air and water pollution and volcanic activities as well as part of industrial technology such as power plants, combustion engines, propulsion systems, or chemical and biological industry. The industrial use of multi-phase systems requires analytical and numerical strategies for predicting their behavior. In its third extended edition this monograph contains theory, methods and practical experience for describing complex transient multi-phase processes in arbitrary geometrical configurations, providing a systematic presentation of the theory and practice of numerical multi-phase fluid dynamics. In the present first volume the fundamentals of multiphase dynamics are provided. This third edition includes various updates, extensions and improvements in all book chapters.
This Symposium provided an international forum for exchange of ideas and creation of knowledge in recent advances on Multi-Functional Material Structures and Systems. Novel theories, mathematical models, analyses, and application of computational and experimental methods are topics treated. In particular, this work reflects the state of the art in mathematical modeling, computational methods, new experimental methods, new and advanced engineering applications in emerging technologies advanced sensors, structural health monitoring, MEMS, and advanced control systems.