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This thesis has its main focus on developing multi-functional nanomaterials, that we called nano- and microtools through two different approaches, top-down to provide support and bottom up to give functionality to prepare nanomaterials for diagnosis and therapy in cancer cells (theranostics). It includes functionalization of inorganic and or metallic nano- and microparticles with natural and synthetic receptors capable of acting as sensors to monitor different cellular parameters in living cells and deliverers specifically for diagnosis and therapy in cancer cells (theranostics). For this purpose, we used micro- and nanoparticles as substrates, made up of polysilicon or polysilicon-gold and gold nanoparticles, and functionalized them with (bio)molecules. The first objective was to develop a novel microtool for cell adhesion. For this purpose specially designed polysilicon microparticles of different shapes and sizes were chemically modified, to sense carbohydrates present on tumour cell membranes. An optimized protocol for bio-functionalization of polysilicon microparticles with lectins (WGA and Con A), both on surfaces and in suspension, was developed. Influence of different shapes in bio-functionalization of the microparticles was also observed. The final yield of the number of bio-functionalized microparticles was between 12-21 % with a major loss of approximately 50 % of microparticles during the activation step. These bio-functionalized microparticles in suspension were stable for three consecutive weeks, stored in PBS at room temperature. In vitro experiments were carried out which showed, Con A bio-functionalized Batch 2 microparticles adhered to the membrane of the Dictyostelium discoideum (Dicty) whereas, WGA bio-functionalized microparticles did not adhere to the cell membrane of Dicty or HeLa cells. Therefore, a synthetic lectin called Boronic Acids (BAs) was used and an optimized protocol for functionalization of polysilicon microparticles with 4-formylphenylboronic acid (PBA), through stable secondary amine bonds was developed. Interaction of BA functionalized surfaces with carbohydrate, N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) was also studied on surfaces using ARS, which indicates stronger interaction between BA and GlcNAc. Polysilicon microparticles of different sizes functionalized using BA showed adhesion to the cell membranes of Dicty and HeLa cells. In the second objective, the primary goal is to sense intracellular pH in living cells using bi-functional microparticles (polysilicon-gold), in order to differentiate between cancer cells and normal cells. The immobilization of pH dependent fluorophores, Oregon green, pHrodo, SNARF and Alexa fluor on to polysilicon surfaces was achieved successfully. An optimized protocol for the bi-functionalization of two pH dependent fluorophores, Oregon green (on polysilicon) and pHrodo (on gold) on to a hexahedral bi-functional microparticle was achieved for pH sensing. The third objective was the generation and sensing of Reactive oxygen species (ROS) using a bio-photosensitizer for photodynamic therapy. The selected bio-photosensitizer, Cytochrome c (Cyt c) showed generation of ROS in solution. BODIPY was able to sense the production of ROS from the Cyt c in solution. An optimized protocol for immobilizing Cyt c on to the polysilicon surfaces and BODIPY on gold surfaces and microparticles was achieved. Protocol for bi-functionalization of ROS generator: Cyt c and ROS sensor: BODIPY on bi-functional microparticles was also developed for ROS sensing. The fourth objective is to deliver anionic drugs using gold nanoparticles synthesized using imidazolium based macrocycles. The ability of these gold nanoparticles to extract and incorporate ibuprofenate from an aqueous phase was calculated to be ca 85 %. The release of ibuprofenate from the gold nanoparticles system follows Fickian diffusion, which could be potentially used for local drug delivery applications.
Handbook of Nanomaterials for Cancer Theranostics focuses on recent developments in advanced theranostic nanomedicines from a chemical and biological perspective where the advantages of theranostics are achieved by combining multiple components. The authors explore the pros and cons of theranostic nanomaterials developed in cancer research in the last 15 years, with the different strategies compared and scrutinized. In addition, the book explores how nanomaterials may overcome the regulatory hurdles facing theranostic nanomedicines. This is an important research reference for postgraduates and researchers in nanomedicine and cancer research who want to learn more on how nanomaterials can help create more effective cancer treatments. Highlights the development of smart theranostic nanomaterials to tackle biomedical problems in cancer therapy and diagnostics Explores the regulatory hurdles facing theranostic nanomedicine Discusses how the use of nanomaterials can help create more effective cancer treatments
Biogenic Nanoparticles for Cancer Theranostics outlines the synthesis of biogenic nanoparticles to become cancer theranostic agents. The book also discusses their cellular interaction and uptake, pharmacokinetics, biodistribution, drug delivery efficiency, and other biological effects. Additionally, the book explores the mechanism of their penetration in cancerous tissue, its clearance, and its metabolism. Moreover, the in vitro and in vivo toxicological effects of biogenic nanoparticles are discussed. This book is an important reference source for materials scientists and biomedical scientists who are looking to increase their understanding of how biogenic nanoparticles are being used for a range of cancer treatment types. Metal nanoparticles have traditionally been synthesized by classical physico-chemical methods which have many drawbacks, such as high energy demand, high cost and potential ecotoxicity. As a result, the biosynthesis of metal nanoparticles is gaining increasing prominence. Biosynthesis approaches to metal nanoparticles are clean, safe, energy efficient and environment friendly. Explains the synthesis methods and applications of biogenic nanoparticles for cancer theranostics Outlines the distinctive features of biogenic nanoparticles that make them effective cancer treatment agents Assesses the major challenges of using biogenic nanoparticles on a mass scale
Hybrid nanostructures are nanoparticles which incorporate two or more structures. These structures may represent organic or inorganic material, but they synergistically improve the application of the material for end users. Hybrid Nanostructures for Cancer Theranostics explores how hybrid nanostructures are used in cancer treatment. Focusing on the properties of hybrid nanostructures, the book demonstrates how their unique characteristics can be used to create more effective treatment techniques. In the second half of the book, the chapters examine how hybrid nanostructures are currently being used in practice, assessing the pros and cons of using different types of nanostructures for different treatments. This valuable resource will allow readers to understand the core and emerging concept of functionalization, bioconjugation, hyperthermia and phototherapy of nanoparticles which allows for the greater use of hybrid nanomaterials in cancer theranostics. Shows how the use of novel hybrid nanostructures can lead to more effective cancer treatments. Explores how hybrid nanostructures are used for different treatment types, including photo thermal therapy and drug delivery. Explains how the use of hybrid nanostructures can lead to more rapid cancer diagnosis.
Multifunctional Theranostic Nanomedicines in Cancer focuses on new trends, applications, and the significance of novel multifunctional nanotheranostics in cancer imaging for diagnosis and treatment. Cancer nanotechnology offers new opportunities for cancer diagnosis and treatment. Multifunctional nanoparticles harboring various functions—including targeting, imaging, and therapy—have been intensively studied with the goal of overcoming the limitations of conventional cancer diagnosis and therapy. Thus theranostic nanomedicines have emerged in recent years to provide an efficient and safer alternative in cancer management. This book covers polymer-based therapies, lipid-based therapies, inorganic particle-based therapies, photo-related therapies, radiotherapies, chemotherapies, and surgeries. Multifunctional Theranostic Nanomedicines in Cancer offers an indispensable guide for researchers in academia, industry, and clinical settings; it is also ideal for postgraduate students; and formulation scientists working on cancer. Provides a comprehensive resource of recent scientific progress and novel applications of theranostic nanomedicines Discusses treatment options from a pharmaceutical sciences perspective Includes translational science and targeted CNS cancer treatment
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Since the invention of nanomedicine decades ago, considerable progresses have been made, especially with cancer as a target. Nanoparticles have been proven to be powerful imaging tools or potent agents for cancer diagnosis, treatment and prevention. Active research spread from fundamental research to clinical investigations. This topic intends to cover several important aspects in this field including nanocarrier development, gene delivery, intrinsically active nanoparticles, tumor microenvironment, immunology, and toxicity.
The present book is covers the recent advances in the development on the regulation of such theragnosis system and their biomedical perspectives to act as a future nanomedicine. Advanced Theranostics Materialsis written by a distinguished group of contributors and provides comprehensive coverage of the current literature, up-to-date overview of all aspects of advanced theranostics materials ranging from system biology, diagnostics, imaging, image-guided therapy, therapeutics, biosensors, and translational medicine and personalized medicine, as well as the much broader task of covering most topics of biomedical research. The books focusses on the following topics: Part 1: System biology and translational medicine Aberrant Signaling Pathways: Hallmark of Cancer Cells and Target for Nanotherapeutics Application of Nanoparticles in Cancer Treatment Biomacromolecule-Gated Mesoporous Silica Drug Delivery Systems Construction of Functional DNA Nanostructures for Theranostic Applications Smart Polypeptide Nanocarriers for Malignancy Therapeutics Part 2: Imaging and therapeutics Dimercaptosuccinic acid-coated magnetic nanoparticles as a localized delivery system in cancer immunotherapy Cardiovascular nanomedicine Chitosan-based systems for sustained drug release Nanocapsules in biomedicine: promises and challenges Chitosan-based polyelectrolyte complexes: characteristics and application in formulation of particulate drug carriers Part 3: Diagnostics and featured prognostics Non-invasive Glucose Biosensors based on Nanomaterials Self/directed Assembly of Nanoparticles: A review on various approaches Ion exchangers – an open window for the development of advanced materials with pharmaceutical and medical applications New Titanium Alloys for Biomedical Applications
This Brief introduces SuperParamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles (SPIONs), the different synthesis approaches, their applications in the field of diagnostics and treatment and finally as theranostic agents in cancer.