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Osteoarthritis (OA) of the knee is a chronic disease that is characterized by degeneration of articular cartilage. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) allows the visualization and quantification of this degeneration in vivo. In this dissertation the development of new image processing techniques and application of existing ones to perform inter-subject comparison of knee cartilage thickness are presented. The main characteristic of the proposed method is the registration of cartilage surfaces based on the registration of the corresponding bones. The process is semi-automatic since steps involving segmentation require interaction. Cartilage is segmented using Bezier splines and edge detection, and its shape is then interpolated using a morphing technique to create isotropic voxels. The bones corresponding to the segmented cartilage are segmented with a similar approach and registered based on landmarks. The registration can be rigid-body for intra-subject or elastic for inter-subject comparisons. Landmarks are automatically selected based on shape matching using 3D shape-contexts. Visualization of cartilage thickness maps in three dimensions or overlaid on the MR images is also demonstrated. The cartilage segmentation and the morphing technique were validated visually and based on volumetric measurements of images of porcine knees which cartilage volumes were directly measured using a water displacement method. The registration techniques were validated visually and using manual landmark registration. Results showed a good agreement between the digital volumetric measurement from the morphed cartilage and the water displacement method with correlation values of 8.3 (p
Osteoarthritis is a condition in which low-grade inflammation results in joint pain, and it is the most common joint disease. Interactions between all of the major joint tissues, including the articular cartilage, synovium, bone marrow, subchondral bone, trabecular bone, and muscle, have been implicated in osteoarthritis. Magnetic resonance images have been used to quantify the cartilage morphology, volume and thickness, and focal defects, and may reflect changes in the biochemical composition of articular cartilage.This book brings together contributions from key investigators in the area of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for osteoarthritis of the knee. Written by a multidisciplinary group of scientists, engineers, and clinicians, this book is the first to cover MRI as a new emerging modality for the diagnosis of osteoarthritis, and presents new findings in both basic and clinical science research.
Damage to the meniscus and articular cartilage in the knee can lead to loss of function and compromise joint stability. This has led to the development of in vitro models to investigate the biomechanics and biotribological response of cartilage and menisci. In high-volume laboratory studies of cartilage tribology, it is important to measure cartilage loss after experiments. In order to understand the relationship between the structure and function of the meniscus in health and disease, it is essential to interrogate the internal structural components of the meniscus. The aims of this project were to optimise protocols for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of menisci and articular cartilage in the knee in order to gain an increased understanding of their structure, and to detect and quantify morphological changes. A novel porcine medial knee model was developed for creation of physiological cartilage damage using a friction simulator. The cartilage damage models were subject to in vitro MRI quantification at both 9.4 Tesla and 3.0 Tesla for the first time. The two customised MRI-based wear quantification methods were validated using Pycnometer measurements. In addition, a novel approach was developed at 9.4T MRI to non-destructively investigate intrameniscal architecture and damage. Cartilage defect models were successfully created on the femoral condyle and tibia after friction simulator tests. The follow-up MRI investigation demonstrated the capability of MRI to assess cartilage defects using laboratory and clinical systems. At both of 9.4T and 3.0T, the two quantification methods were in excellent agreement with each other and with Pycnometer measurements. An optimised 10-hour 3D scan at 9.4T could clearly demonstrate 3D intrameniscal architecture. The MRI quantification protocols showed promise for the non-destructive examination and quantification of cartilage defects in a large range of animal/human tissues after biomechanical/biotribological experiments. MRI at ultra-high-field strength also showed promise for the non-destructive examination of the intrameniscal structure in a 3D manner. The proof of concept measurements presented in this study illustrates the potential of non-destructive 3D MRI microscopy to bring a unique contribution to the field of functional cartilage/meniscus biomechanics and biotribology.
This authoritative book provides state-of-the-art practices and new developments in the imaging of cartilage, associated pathologies, and repair procedures. With a main focus on MRI, major advances in cartilage imaging are put into clinical context relevant for radiologists, rheumatologists, and orthopedic surgeons. International experts provide their insights on cartilage pathologies associated with such conditions as osteoarthritis, osteochondral trauma, and cartilage repair. Morphological MRI techniques are outlined, including new sequences and high field imaging. Molecular imaging techniques able to characterize the biochemical composition of the cartilage matrix are discussed, such as T2 relaxation time, T1rho, and dGEMRIC methods. The first book of its kind, Cartilage Imaging: Significance, Techniques, and New Developments encompasses the full scope of knowledge in this rapidly evolving field. Identifying key techniques for characterizing disease processes as well as objectively and quantitatively evaluating the results of therapy, this outstanding resource is of benefit to all physicians interested in assessing cartilage disease and repair.
This issue takes a multimodality approach to imaging of osteoarthritis. Clinical issues including an overview of the disease and imaging as an aid to evaluate patient functionality are also reviewed. Not only are current standards for imaging covered, but also newer techniques under development.
Cartilage injuries of the knee are common, and diagnosis and treatment options have continued to evolve. This book focuses on current non-operative and surgical treatment strategies for articular cartilage injuries, highlighting the controversies and different approaches from an international perspective. This book includes information on the basic science of cartilage structure and function, expert perspectives on imaging and diagnosing, as well as work-up of athletes and patients presenting with acute or chronic cartilage injury. It also provides an evidence base for current cutting-edge cartilage repair and restoration. Written by leading experts in the field, the book, published in collaboration with ISAKOS and ICRS, is vital reading for orthopaedic and sports medicine surgeons, fellows and residents. It is also of interest to sports trainers, physiotherapists, medical students, postgraduate students, and physical medicine and rehabilitation specialists.
This book is divided into chapters that cover MRI of all structures of the knee joint in the order that is usually used in practice – cruciate ligaments, collateral ligaments, menisci, cartilage, subchondral bone, patella, synovia, muscles and tendons, arteries, veins and bones. With the aid of numerous images, each chapter provides comprehensive descriptions of the anatomy, the normal MR appearance, pathological MR findings, and postoperative MRI appearance. A text box at the end of each chapter clearly describes how the MRI report should be compiled and identifies what should be included when reporting on specific lesions. The book will be an ideal guide for radiologists and will also be relevant for orthopaedic surgeons, rheumatologists, and physiotherapists.
In this issue of MRI Clinics, guest editor Dr. Mary K. Jesse brings her considerable expertise to the topic of MR Imaging of the Knee. Top experts in the field cover key topics such as MR knee synovitis and synovial pathology, normal variants of the pediatric knee, MR imaging of knee meniscus, MR post-operative meniscus, and more. Contains 10 relevant, practice-oriented topics including MR posterolateral and posteromedial corner injuries; MR knee cartilage injury and repair surgeries; MR knee bursa and bursal pathology; pre- and post-operative MR of the cruciate ligaments; and more. Provides in-depth clinical reviews on MR imaging of the knee, offering actionable insights for clinical practice. Presents the latest information on this timely, focused topic under the leadership of experienced editors in the field. Authors synthesize and distill the latest research and practice guidelines to create clinically significant, topic-based reviews.
This issue reviews the latest advances in imaging of cartilage using MRI. A basis for understanding cartilage is provided in articles on normal anatomic appearance, morphology, and physiology. MR imaging of cartilage in specific joints such as knees and ankles, hip, and upper extremity are reviewed in separate articles, and assessment of rheumatoid conditions and cartilage repair are also covered.
Over the last two decades, there have been numerous exciting developments in the surgical field of articular cartilage repair. Magnetic resonance imaging plays a critical role in pre-operative surgical planning, through its ability to identify the extent and severity of cartilage lesions. It also plays an important role in post-operative management, by allowing surgeons to noninvasively monitor the morphological status of repaired cartilage tissue.This book covers recent advances in ultra high field MRI and biochemical MRI techniques such as T2 mapping, delayed gadolinium enhanced MRI of cartilage (dGEMRIC), gagCEST and sodium MRI. It is written by a multidisciplinary team including basic scientists, radiologists, orthopaedic surgeons and biomedical engineers. The volume is an ideal reference guide for musculoskeletal radiologists, basic research scientists, orthopedic surgeons and biomedical engineers etc.